2.Writeshortnotes:SickleCellAnaemia-symptomsandtreatment.
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Answer:
Without enough red blood cells, your body can't get enough oxygen, causing fatigue. Episodes of pain. Periodic episodes of pain, called pain crises, are a major symptom of sickle cell anemia. Pain develops when sickle-shaped red blood cells block blood flow through tiny blood vessels to your chest, abdomen and joints.
Answer:
Fatigue is a common symptom in persons with sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia causes a chronic form of anemia, which can lead to fatigue. The sickled red blood cells are prone to breakage (hemolysis) which causes reduced red blood cell life span (the normal life span of a red blood cell is 120 days). These sickled red blood cells are easily detected with a microscope examination of a smear of blood on a glass slide.
Eye damage
Some features of sickle cell anemia that can occur at any age include:
Fatigue
Anemia
Pain crises
Bone infarcts
Many features typically occur in certain age groups.
Infants with sickle cell anemia do not develop symptoms in the first few months of life because the hemoglobin produced by the developing fetus (fetal hemoglobin) protects the red blood cells from sickling. This fetal hemoglobin is absent in the red blood cells that are produced after birth so that by 5 months of age, the sickling of the red blood cells is prominent and symptoms begin.
Infants and younger children can suffer signs and symptoms of;
fever,
abdominal pain,
pneumococcal bacterial infections,
painful swellings of the hands and feet (dactylitis), and
splenic sequestration.
Adolescents (preteens and teens) and young adults more commonly develop:
Leg ulcers
Aseptic necrosis
Eye damage
Symptoms in adult typically are intermittent pain episodes due to injury of bone, muscle, or internal organs.
QUESTION
Sickle cell disease is named after a farming tool.
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How do you get sickle cell anemia? Is it inherited (genetic)?
Picture of Sickle Cell Red Blood Cell
Picture of Sickle Cell Red Blood Cell
Sickling of the red blood cells in patients with sickle cell anemia results in cells of abnormal shape and diminished flexibility. The sickling is promoted by conditions associated with low oxygen levels, increased acidity, or low volume (dehydration) of the blood. These conditions can occur because of injury to the body's tissues, dehydration, or anesthesia.
Certain organs are predisposed to lower oxygen levels or acidity, such as when blood moves slowly through the spleen, liver, or kidney. In addition, organs with particularly high metabolism rates (such as the brain, muscles, and the placenta in a pregnant woman with sickle cell anemia) promote sickling by extracting more oxygen from the blood. These conditions make these organs susceptible to injury from sickle cell anemia.
What tests diagnose sickle cell anemia?
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Sickle cell anemia is suggested when the abnormal sickle-shaped cells in the blood are identified under a microscope. Testing is typically performed on a smear of blood using a special low-oxygen preparation. This is referred to as a sickle prep. Other prep tests can also be used to detect the abnormal hemoglobin S, including solubility tests performed on tubes of blood solutions. The disease can be confirmed by specifically quantifying the types of hemoglobin present using a hemoglobin electrophoresis.
Prenatal diagnosis (before birth) of sickle cell anemia is possible using amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. The sample obtained is then tested for DNA analysis of the fetal cells.
The hemoglobin electrophoresis test precisely identifies the hemoglobins in the blood by separating them. The separation of the different hemoglobins is possible because of the unique electrical charges they each have on their protein surfaces, causing them each to move characteristically in an electrical field as tested in the laboratory.
9 Symptoms and Signs of Anemia
Anemia may have no symptoms in some people, but when they do occur they include:
Feeling tired or weak
Pale appearance
Develop heart palpitations (a feeling of the heart racing)
Heart problems worsen
Hair loss
Click for more symptoms, causes, diet, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of anemia »
What treatments manage symptoms of fatigue and anemia?
Fatigue is a common symptom in persons with sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia causes a chronic form of anemia, which can lead to fatigue. The sickled red blood cells are prone to breakage (hemolysis) which causes reduced red blood cell life span (the normal life span of a red blood cell is 120 days). These sickled red blood cells are easily detected with a microscope examination of a smear of blood on a glass slide.
Typically, the site of red blood cell production (bone marrow) works overtime to produce these cells rapidly, attempting to compensate for their destruction in the circulation. Occasionally, the bone marrow suddenly stops producing the red blood cells, which causes a very severe form of anemia (aplastic crises). Aplastic crises can be promoted by infections that otherwise would seem less significant, including viruses of the stomach and bowels and the flu (influenza)