Question

29.What kind of developments took place as a result of new political trends in Europe?
(a) Industrial Revolution occurred (b) New cities came up (c) Railways expanded (d) All the above​

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

Undergirding the development of modern Europe between the 1780s and 1849 was an unprecedented economic transformation that embraced the first stages of the great Industrial Revolution and a still more general expansion of commercial activity. Articulate Europeans were initially more impressed by the screaming political news generated by the French Revolution and ensuing Napoleonic Wars, but in retrospect the economic upheaval, which related in any event to political and diplomatic trends, has proved more fundamental.

Heightened commercialization showed in a number of areas. Vigorous peasants increased their landholdings, often at the expense of their less fortunate neighbours, who swelled the growing ranks of the near-propertyless. These peasants, in turn, produced food for sale in growing urban markets. Domestic manufacturing soared, as hundreds of thousands of rural producers worked full- or part-time to make thread and cloth, nails and tools under the sponsorship of urban merchants. Craft work in the cities began to shift toward production for distant markets, which encouraged artisan-owners to treat their journeymen less as fellow workers and more as wage labourers. Europe’s social structure changed toward a basic division, both rural and urban, between owners and non owners. Production expanded, leading by the end of the 18th century to a first wave of consumerism as rural wage earners began to purchase new kinds of commercially produced clothing, while urban middle-class families began to indulge in new tastes, such as uplifting books and educational toys for children

Answer 2

Developments took place as a result of new political trends in europe is all the above in the following options.

Explanation:

• European union faces a confluence of political challenges which threaten are seriously undermine the cohesion block .
• The persistent strength of various populist parties weighs on implementation of necessary structural at national and european levels .
• The refugee crisis and elevated terrorism threaten to undermine EU cohesion amid a general lack of consensus to tackle these challenges.
• The risk of a brexit (UK exit from the EU) has increased the current state of the EU raises doubts about the net benefits of EU membership among british voters.  
• De escalation of tensions between the EU is turkey and russia remains unlikely and reciprocal sanctions likely remain in place.
• European union and a wider sense the entire european continent faces its most challenging years in decades.
• The region fragile economic recovery its still unresolved refugee crisis and fears of terrorism continue to erode public support for established political parties.
• Idea of european unification in various countries populist anti establishment eurosceptic parties from both sides of the political divide continue to benefit from rising numbers of disenfranchised voters.
• No longer feeling that they are represented by traditional parties.
• This increases the direct and indirect influence of the eurosceptic parties on policymaking.

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