3. Describe briefly the features of early cities.
4. Write an essay on the growth of early cities in Iraq.
5. Describe the development of art of writing.
answer me q no 3 and 5
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Answers
3.They were larger in scale as compared to the other human settlements, present at those times. Also, development happened at these places only when there was an increase in food supplies, which made it possible to support a wide range of non-food producers.They supported various social groups like artisans, merchants and priests and acted as centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions, and intellectual activity.They could vary greatly in size and complexity. Thus, they could easily be densely settled modern-day metropolises, which combined political and economic functions for an entire region, and supported very large populations, or could be smaller urban centres with limited functions.4
4.Ancient Iraq (Mesopotamia)
Southwest Asia (Middle East) Geography
Most of Southwest Asia has an Arid climate today. An Arid climate receives less than 10 inches of precipitation (rain, sleet, or snow). Arid areas are usually covered in desert and often experience very high temperatures. This region was not always covered in desert. Ancient Mesopotamia was a green land where many plants grew due to the rich soil and occasional rain. The rich plant life allowed many animals to live in this region. People living here hunted and gathered the animals and plants. Ancient Mesopotamia and the surrounding area is often called the Fertile Crescent or the Cradle of Civilization. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers supplied fresh water for humans, plants, and animals. Eventually these rivers would provide irrigation for the farms of the first civilization in human history. The word Mesopotamia is Greek for 'land between rivers'.
Around 8,000 BCE (BC), people began to slowly discover that planting a seed would make a new plant grow—the beginning of farming! The main reason farming probably began in this region is because Southwest Asia had several types of wild grain that can be farmed—we still use them today! The slow process of taking a plant from the wild and turning it into a farm crop is called domestication. For example, corn was domesticated in Mexico around 7000 BCE (BC). Farmers in Mesopotamia grew barley, wheat, lentils, chickpeas, onions, garlic, dates, and lettuce. Not every plant can be domesticated. Southwest Asia had more wild plants that could be domesticated than any other region, and they had the same advantage when it came to animals. 13 out of the 14 main domesticated animals today were native to Southwest Asia. Native means originally from a particular area. People in Mesopotamia domesticated sheep, goats, cows, donkey, oxen, and pigs.
5.The history of art focuses on objects made by humans in visual form for aesthetic purposes. Visual art can be classified in diverse ways, such as separating fine arts from applied arts; inclusively focusing on human creativity; or focusing on different media such as architecture, sculpture, painting, film, photography, and graphic arts. In recent years, technological advances have led to video art, computer art, Performance art, animation, television, and videogames.The history of art is often told as a chronology of masterpieces created during each civilization. It can thus be framed as a story of high culture, epitomized by the Wonders of the World. On the other hand, vernacular art expressions can also be integrated into art historical narratives, referred to as folk arts or craft. The more closely that an art historian engages with these latter forms of low culture, the more likely it is that they will identify their work as examining visual culture or material culture, or as contributing to fields related to art history, such as anthropology or archaeology. In the latter cases art objects may be referred to as archeological artifacts.
Calligraphy – the art of writing itself, generally more concerned with aesthetics for decorative effect than normal handwriting. Cursive – any style of handwriting written in a flowing (cursive) manner, which connects many or all of the letters in a word, or the strokes in a CJK character or other grapheme.The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to record and communicate information about religion and government. Thus, they invented written scripts that could be used to record this information.
The most famous of all ancient Egyptian scripts is hieroglyphic. However, throughout three thousand years of ancient Egyptian civilisation, at least three other scripts were used for different purposes. Using these scripts, scribes were able to preserve the beliefs, history and ideas of ancient Egypt in temple and tomb walls and on papyrus scrolls.
And gradually, the art of writing developed gradually till date, for that a truly long story..
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