3. Describe the vicious cycle of depressive thinking and the perspectives to understanding depression. In your response, be sure to discuss the statistics, characteristics, biological influences, and social-cognitive perspective.
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Answer:
Depression is best understood as a vicious circle, the result of current stress acting on a vulnerable individual to push him or her into this cycle that feeds itself: depressed moods lead to depressed thinking and behavior, which leads to a more depressed mood, and so on in a downward spiral. Depression is also accompanied by negative thinking (I can’t. . .The cards are stacked against me. . .There’s no use trying) and hopelessness. In addition, depression affects the brain directly: we stop producing dopamine (hence have less drive and energy) and the cells that are meant to receive endorphins, the happy hormones, shrivel away so that we can’t experience good feelings. The depressed person is usually slowed down, stuck in molasses, unable to think clearly or see a better future; his/her speech is often a slow monotone that sounds like an effort and conveys no feeling at all. What does it matter. . .why bother. . .it’s useless.
If you have a mood disorder, by definition you have trouble with self-destructive behavior. It’s usually a passive form of self-destruction—staying home isolated, giving up hope, expecting the worst—though there are angry depressed people who get into fights and emotionally abuse others. You may turn to alcohol or drugs to help comfort you. Depression is usually accompanied by suicidal thoughts and impulses, and suicide is often a real risk. Impulses like driving into a bridge abutment or stepping off a high place can come out of nowhere and convince you that you are going crazy, though they’re very common with depression.
Your assumptive world changes drastically with depression, and the depressed assumptions turn into self-fulfilling prophecies that just make you feel worse. Depressed people tend to take too much responsibility for the bad things that happen in life, but feel that the good things are just accidents that they had nothing to do with and are unlikely to happen again. If you’re depressed, you are probably quite pessimistic in your thinking, assuming that everything is getting worse all the time, and there’s nothing you can do about it. You feel that you have to be in control every moment, and if you relax, things will fall apart; at the same time you don’t really believe that your efforts to control will really do any good. The glass is always half empty, good things are temporary and unreliable, bad things are permanent and pervasive, other people are always better, more attractive, more successful than you. When you know what you ought to do to feel better, but are too depressed to do it, you blame yourself for lacking will power, as if it’s a character trait that you either have or don’t have, and that adds to your low self-esteem.
Here are some of the self-destructive behaviors most commonly associated with depression:
Overeating to comfort yourself, a consolation prize
Social isolation because you don’t feel worthy of attention
Substance abuse
Procrastination—for all kinds of reasons
A cycle of overwork and collapse
Staying in destructive situations—letting your partner, boss, or coworkers take advantage of you
Neglecting your health because you don’t feel you’re worth the effort
Poor sleep—insomnia or waking at 4 AM and obsessively ruminating is a classic sign of depression
Not exercising—you don’t have the energy and you don’t think it’ll do any good
Won’t ask for help because you’re ashamed and guilty
Suffering in silence—not expressing your feelings is both a cause and symptom of depression
Depressed shopping, spending money you don’t have to buy things you hope will make you feel better
Parasuicide—nonfatal suicide attempts, suicidal gestures
Self mutilation
Anorexia/bulimia
“Wearing the victim sign”—unconsciously communicating that you can be taken advantage of
And many more
HOPE HELPFUL TO YOU ALL