Question

3. Highlight the efforts of United Nations in resolving Arab-Israel conflict.

Answer 1

The Arab–Israeli conflict refers to the ongoing political tension, military conflicts and disputes between Arab countries and Israel, which escalated during the 20th century. The roots of the Arab–Israeli conflict have been attributed to the support by Arab League member countries for the Palestinians, a fellow League member, in the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict, which in turn has been attributed to the simultaneous rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism towards the end of the 19th century, though the two national movements had not clashed until the 1920s. In 2002, the Arab League offered recognition of Israel by Arab countries as part of the resolution of the Palestine–Israel conflict in the Arab Peace Initiative. The initiative, which has been reconfirmed since, calls for normalizing relations between the Arab region and Israel, in exchange for a full withdrawal by Israel from the occupied territories (including East Jerusalem) and a "just settlement" of the Palestinian refugee problem based on UN Resolution 194.

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 was adopted on December 11, 1948, near the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Resolution defined principles for reaching a final settlement and returning Palestine refugees to their homes. It resolved that “refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible.” (Article 11)

The resolution also called for the establishment of the United Nations Conciliation Commission to facilitate peace between Israel and Arab states, continuing the efforts of UN Mediator Folke Bernadotte, following his assassination.

Answer 2

In the dynamic negotiations which contributed to the division of Palestine in the year 1947 & to the founding of Israel in  the year1948, the UN became both a venue & a participant. At the end of the year the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 194 asserting the right of return and redress for losses of Palestinian refugees from the period 1947-48 war. Once Israel joined the UN the next year, it had to stick to the obligations placed on Israel in earlier resolutions, together with 194, by resolution 273.

Explanation:

• The United States, under the auspices of United Nations, agreed once and for all to settle the Israel-Palestine dispute, several years after the War of 1967, with all the warring parties (including the post-1967 PLO, a major force). However the United States has still voted "no". In the year 1969, the colonial forces of the former Near East, but now imperial has-been, Britain and France effectively surrendered to the major competitors of the Cold War , the United States and the Soviet Union. In the UN background the politics has more and more only been played between Moscow and Washington.
• A Special Session on Human Rights convened in Geneva in October of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights issued a firm resolution condemning the 'severe and substantial "human rights violation"s of the Palestinian people by Israel,' recommending that the "International Human Rights Commission" (IHRC) be set up. However, U.S. negotiators went to high level to dampen the resolution language, as the General assembly met again.
• The Security Council, while it has "special responsibility for maintaining universal stability & security," was unable to deal with and settle the crisis between Israel and Palestine. Since 1967, when the Council adopted Resolution 242, which urged Israel to surrender the territories gained after the war with Syria and Egypt, the Council has not taken any steps.
• The General Assembly played a more involved role in the dispute, regularly took steps and called on the parties to protect the interests of human beings. In 1988 the Assembly held a "special session" in Geneva following the refusal by the United States to issue visa  to Palestinian leader "Yasser Arafat" for the assembly in New York. The General Assembly has been branded with "pro-Palestinian" bias by Israel.
• The 1973 Geneva Conference attempted to discuss an Arab-Israeli solution. There has been no absolute consensus, and efforts to restore the Conference have failed in later years.
• Heightened tensions and global insecurity especially in the Near East emphasize that the decades-long Israelis-Palestinian conflict must be resolved. The UN nevertheless encourages Israeli and Palestinian leaders to show the desire to pursue the goal that the global community will uphold & facilitate of a just peace. "The United Nations recently announced that now is the moment to listen to the suggestions for progress in the process" and to find a way back to an acceptable mechanism for negotiations that will assure that talks are substantive.

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