3. How were the human needs in the beginning of civilization?
Answers
The countless and complex typologies of needs may be simplified and summarized as follows:
1. A basic or primary need is «one from which other needs are derived» or an innate need (determined by genetic factors) Erich Fromm’s (1955: Chapter 3) famous classification of basic human needs is relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, identity, and a frame of orientation.
2. An internal need is that which «arises from changes within the organism, relatively independently of direct external stimulation»
3. External needs refer to «the lack of some object
or condition in the environment that would, if present, promote the biological or psychological efficiency of the organism»
4. The goal of the so-called stimulus needs is not survival but «some kind of stimulation and particularly change in stimulation». Thus, these are of two subtypes, namely, a needforsensory stimulation and a need for stimulus variability
5. Physiological needs or drives «are regarded as persisting, organic motivations: conditions that arouse, sustain, and regulate human and animal behavior. Insofar as drives are based upon metabolic conditions they are common to all men in all societies and to many animals» These refer to survival and involve oxygen, water, proteins,vitamins, and the like.When the physiological needs are satisfied, the organism is said to be in homeostasis, a term coined by Walter Cannon .In
addition, such primary drive reduction may be associated with related responses which are gradually reinforced and thus lead to the development of acquired secondary drives.Curt Richter
has expanded the concept of homeostasis to include indirect physiological behavior that compensates for frustrated direct physiological processes. Some authors have gone even further than that, thus permitting homeostasis to encompass behavior aimed at maintaining social order and harmony.
6. Sociopsychological needs (for creativity, love,power, status, and the like), from Plato’s Republic and Laws to Edward Thorndike’s «law of effect» and David McClelland’s measure of Murray’s n Ach , have been subjected to much
speculation and myriads of experiments. This partly explains the great number of «synonyms» employed with reference to such needs, namely, secondary motives or needs, derived needs, social needs, sociogenic needs, acquirable or learnable drives, acquired drives, and psychogenic drives or needs.
Answer:
A civilization (or civilisation) is any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, a form of government and symbolic systems of communication such as writing.
Civilizations are intimately associated with and often further defined by other socio-politico-economic characteristics, including centralization, the domestication of both humans and other organisms, specialization of labour, culturally ingrained ideologies of progress and supremacism, monumental architecture, taxation, societal dependence upon farming and expansionism.
Historically, civilization has often been understood as a larger and "more advanced" culture, in contrast to smaller, supposedly primitive cultures. In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers, however sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves. Civilizations are organized in densely populated settlements divided into hierarchical social classes with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacture and trade. Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over other human beings.
Explanation: