3.List some of the crops the British forced Indian farmers to cultivate.-
4.Name the territories annexed through the Claim of Paramountcy
5.Mention any one reason the cultivators were reluctant to grow Indigo in the plantations.
6.What made the Ryots feel that the British government was sympathizing with their struggle?
7.Name the two main system of cultivating of Indigo.
8. What is common in the two prints—a Kalamkari print and a Morris cotton print?
9. Why did the 'Blue rebellion' break-out?
10.What were the findings of the Indigo Commission?
11 How did the East India Company establish trade in India and enter the political scene?
12 What were the disadvantages of permanent settlement?
13 What were the powers enjoyed by the Residents appointed by the Company?
14 What kind of treatment was given to the Indians who joined the British army?
15 Why were the farmers unwilling to cultivate under the ryoti system?
Answers
Answer:
3ans...They forced Indian farmers to grow commercial crops like tea, jute etc because these crops were highly demanded in their
4ans...Governor General Lord Hastings (1813-1823) initiated a new policy of paramountcy. According to this policy, the Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme. It could annex or threaten to annex any Indian kingdom to protect its interests. The later British policies were guided by this policy.
5ans...The Royts were reluctant as-
The planters usually forced the ryots to sign a contract.
Those who signed the contract got cash advances from the planters at low rates of interest to produce indigo. But the loan committed the ryot to cultivating indigo on at least 25% of the area under his holding.
The planter provided the seed and the drill, while cultivators prepared the soil, sowed the seed and looked after the crop.
When the crop was delivered to the planter after the harvest, the ryots got another new loan. In this way, they were trapped in the cycle of loan from which it was difficult to come out.
Soon, they realized that this was a harsh system. They did hard labour day and night and got a very low price for the indigo they produced.
Other reason was that the planters usually pressurised the ryots to cultivate indigo on the best soils. But the ryots preferred to grow rice on these soils.
Indigo had deep roots and it exhausted the soil rapidly. After an indigo harvest the land could not be for rice cultivation
6ans...
The Blue Rebellion and After
In March 1859, thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo and protested violently against indigo planters; many farmers declared that they would rather beg than grow indigo for the Company.
The ryots also got support of the local zamindars and village headman in their rebellion, because the landlords were also unhappy with the increasing power of the British indigo planters.
The indigo peasants thought that the British government might help them in their struggle against the indigo planters, and the British government was already worried about another rebellion breaking out in India (after the Revolt of 1857 that resulted in the deaths of many British and Indian men, women, and children).
As the rebellion spread, intellectuals from Calcutta rushed to the indigo districts and wrote of the misery of the ryots, the tyranny of the planters, and the horrors of the indigo system.
Worried by the rebellion, the government brought in the military to protect the planters from assault and set up the Indigo Commission to enquire into the system of indigo production.
The Commission found that the planters were guilty, criticised them for the forceful methods they used with indigo cultivators, and finally declared that indigo production was not profitable for the ryots. So although the Commission asked the ryots to fulfil their existing contracts, it also told them that they could refuse to produce indigo in the future.
7ans...There were two main systems of indigo cultivation– Nij system of cultivation and Ryoti system of cultivation.
8ans...the two prints—a Kalamkari print and a Morris cotton print? There is one commom in the two prints: both use a rich blue colour commonly known as indigo
9ans...In March 1859, thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo
many farmers declared that they would rather beg than grow indigo for the Company.
10ans...The commission declared that the planters were unfair and the farmers were not paid enough for their toil. The commission also stated that in future the farmers could refused to grow Indigo plants and the planters did not have the right to force them
11ans...East India Company started its first factory in West Bengal, on the banks of the River Hugli, in 1651. As trade developed, the Company asked local merchants, who acted as middle 'men for them, to come and settle near the 'factory'. ... Thus they entered the political scene in India
12ans...The revenues of the land were fixed at a much higher rate. Most of the zamindars found it difficult to pay the revenues. Anyone who was not able to pay lost his zamindari rights.
13ans...Residents appointed by the Company were very powerful. The Indian Nawabs were expected to agree to every rule laid down by the Resident. The Nawabs should be submissive to the British Government and this was ensured by the Resident. If any Nawab acted against the Resident, it resulted in war.
14ans...The British Indian Army was the main military of the British Indian Empire before its decommissioning in 1947. It was responsible for the defence of both the British Indian Empire and the princely states,[1] which could also have their own armies.[2] The Indian Army was an important part of the British Empire's forces, both in India and abroad, particularly during the First World War and the Second World War.
15ans...The ryots were reluctant to grow indigo because the price they got for the indigo they produced was very low. The planters insisted that indigo be cultivated on the best soils in which peasants preferred to cultivate rice.