3. propagated by layering. is often employed to get improved varieties of apples and mangoes.
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Answer:
The development of roots on a stem while the stem is still attached to the parent plant is called layering. A layer is the rooted stem following detachment (removal) from the parent plant. Some plants propagate naturally by layering, but sometimes plant propagators assist the process.
Apples are mostly propagated by shield budding, which gives a high percentage of success. In shield budding a single bud along with a shield piece of stem is cut along with the scion and inserted beneath the rind of the rootstock through a 'T' shaped incision during active growth period.
Although budding, inarching and air-layering are also important mango propagation methods, grafting is the most common and commercially used. There are three types of grafting methods, such as soft wood, splice (whip) and side grafting.