(3) Study of buildings is important.
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Buildings play an important role in the energy consumption of a household. There are different types of buildings and different standards, which are for each of them. Hence, the decentralized energy system has different configurations for each building standards and buildings built up according to each standards and have necessity to be controlled in a different approach. Using a case study of four different standards—Sonnenhaus, KfW55, Passive house and WSchVO95 of single family houses (SFH) of same geometry and boundary conditions the control constraints are showcased. The houses are selected such that high renewable energy self-production, low energy demand house, low net energy house and an old 1995 constructed house are compared. The differences in the system design, their control strategy and how it affects the system sizing or renewable fraction is explained in this paper. The same SFH according to different standards is simulated with TRNSYS and the energy system (including solar thermal collectors, PV, gas boiler, fuel cell CHP, thermal storage and electrical storage) for each house is optimized and compared. Thus, the paper showcases the importance of the building, not only geometry but also building physics and energy efficiency. Finally, the necessity for intelligent control system for a complicated building system with multiple energy source is justified and the requirements of such control systems are enlisted.
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