3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth atcentury.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
1) Germany The Frankfurt parliament was the first step of German unification but this initiative of nation building was repressed by the monarchy and big landlords of Prussia, German unification was a long and complicated process. In the beginning of the 19th century, German was not a unified country. It was a collection of 39 autocratic states, ruled by only wealthy and powerful once. It was a difficult affair to unite Germany. The credit of unifying Germany goes to Bismark as He fought three wars to unified Germany.
(i) Danish-Prussian War in 1864: In beginning many European royals were independently having undersized territories dived by different laws, custom, and languages. When the Danish King Friedrich VII died in 1864.The Danish War helped Bismark strengthen his internal position in Prussia. Without much effort, Prussia defeated Danish.
(ii) Austro-Prussian War in 1866: In 1864 Bismark constructed an alliance with Austria to fight with Denmark. After the defeat Prussia received Schleswig and Austria administered the Holstein. But this situation could not stand for long and relations between Australia and Prussia worsened over the control of Schleswig-Holstein. Prussian troops occupied Holstein the Seven Weeks War (1866), Austria was totally crushed by Prussian forces at the battle of Sadowa, and was completely removed from any involvement in German affairs. An extraordinary lenient treaty, the Treaty of Prague was signed to expel Austria from the German Confederation so that Austria did not remain an enemy of Prussia. Prussia was now able to dominate the other German states without fear of Austria intervention
(iii) Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71: With Austria out of the Bismark's way and to complete German unification process Bismark now had only one hurdle, and that was France. The southern provinces doubted Prussia's commitment to unite the Germany of all provinces. Prussia's Protestantism and historic militarism made the gulf between north and south quite serious. Therefore Bismark turned raelpolitik to unite the Germanic provinces by constructing a war against the common enemy. Prussia was completely victorious over France at the battle of Sedan in 1870 and gained control over Alsace-Lorraine. For unification Bismark followed "Blood and Iron' policy. Thus, the long planned journey of German unification was completed in 1871.
(2) Greek
The Greek War of independence It's an event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.
(3) Italy:
For unification of Italy Giuseppe Mazzini and Count Camillo de Cavour played very important role. They both helped in the development of the nation.
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Geneva on June 22, 1807 in a middle class family. He was a patriot, political activist, writer, founder of young Italy and played very important role in liberal nationalism who strived to found a unified democratic republic of Italy. He was one of the three revolutionaries who made a significant contribution in Italian unification. His efforts led to the unification of Italy. He believed in single unified republic instead of being a patchwork of small state kingdoms so in 1830, he joined the revolutionary Carbonari (a Young Italy), whose basic principle was the union of the several states and kingdoms into one republic. In 1831, at the age of 24 he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies like Young Italy in Marseilles, and Young Europe in Berne. To evoke people's reaction Mazzini wrote several essays that voiced the injustice to the working class such as the peasants, professionals, artist, and intellectuals. He was elected as a member of Constituent Assembly and acquired the responsibilities of framing a constitution for the roman public.
Answer:
The development of the German and Italian nation-states in the nineteenth century.
Political fragmentation: Till the middle of the nineteenth century, the present-day nations of Germany and Italy were fragmented into separate regions and kingdoms ruled by different princely houses.
Revolutionary uprisings: Nineteenth-century Europe was characterised by both popular uprisings of the masses and revolutions led by the educated, liberal middle classes. The middle classes belonging to the different German regions came together to form an all-German National Assembly in 1848. However, on facing opposition from the aristocracy and military, and on losing its mass support base, it was forced to disband. From then on Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
In the Italian region, during the 1830s, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini sought to establish the unitary Italian Republic. However, the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy.
Unification with the help of the army: After the failure of the revolutions, the process of German and Italian unification was continued by the aristocracy and the army. Germany was united by the Prussian chief minister Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. The German Empire was proclaimed in 1871.
The Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont played a role similar to that played by Prussia. Count Camillo de Cavour (the Chief Minister) led the movement to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy with the help of the army and an alliance with France. The regions annexed by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts joined with the northern regions to form a united Italy. The Italian nation was proclaimed in 1861 and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. The papal states joined in 1870.