3 What are the different steps/stages of Social research?
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Step 1# Formulation of Research Problem:
In real terms research begins with a problem which needs solution. Such a perception on the part of the researcher, first of all, falls within the general area of interest indicating to locate the problem either in the quest of some intellectual pursuit or for some practical concern, such as finding out a practical solution to a problem, evaluation of a programme in the light of new facts, gathering of relevant facts for social planning or even for policy making.
Step 2# Review of Related Literature:
Since an effective research is based on past knowledge, an investigator must always take advantage of the knowledge which have been preserved or accumulated earlier. It not only helps the researcher in avoiding duplication and formulating useful hypothesis, but also provides him with the evidence that he is familiar with what is already known and what is still unknown and untested in the field.
Step 3# Formulation of Hypotheses:
The next step in the process of research is the formulation of a tentative explanation of the problem in the form of a proposition wherever feasible. This tentative explanation or assumption or proposition refers to a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables and its tenability remains to be tested.
Step 4# Working Out Research Design:
After formulating the research problem, reviewing the related literature and formulating hypothesis, wherever feasible, the researcher reaches the stage of embarking upon working out a design of study as he is guided by the maxim that “work must be planned, if it is to lead to discoveries”. A research design is the general blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data incorporating what the researcher will have to perform from the formulating the tentative generalizations and their operational definitions to final analysis of data.
Step 5# Defining the Universe of Study:
The universe of study comprises all the items or individuals under consideration in any field of inquiry. In statistical terms, a ‘universe’ or ‘population’ refers to the aggregate of individuals or units from which a ‘sample’ is drawn and to which the results and analysis are to apply. The researcher may distinguish between the target population and survey population so as to clearly define the universe of study. The target population is that population for which the results of research are required.
Step 6# Determining Sampling Design:
As in practice a complete enumeration of all the items in the ‘universe’ is not possible under many circumstances, due to the requirement of a great deal of time, money and energy; the researcher embarks upon deciding the way of a selecting a representative sample which is popularly known as the sample design. It is a definite plan chalked out prior to actual collection of data for obtaining a sample from the universe. The sample must be representative and adequate.
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