3. Who was the Khalifa of Islam during the First World War?
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The Ottoman Caliphate (Ottoman Turkish: خلافت مقامى, Turkish: hilâfet makamı; "the office of caliphate"), under the Ottoman dynasty of the Ottoman Empire, was the last Islamic caliphate of the late medieval and the early modern era. During the period of Ottoman expansion, Ottoman rulers claimed caliphal authority since the conquest and unification of Muslim lands under Selim I between 1516 and 1517, which bestowed the title of Defender of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina upon him and strengthened the Ottoman claim to caliphate in the Muslim world.
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