37. Give detailed notes on the experiment performed by Ernest Rutherford to find the structure
of an atom.
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In 1908, Ernest Rutherford received the Nobel Prize for identification of alpha particles with helium. During his Nobel Prize speech, he specifies that these atoms of helium are doubly ionized. This result causes a sensation because it is the result of ultimate measurements made before his trip to Sweden.
Rutherford does not stop there, he continued his researches on the properties of radioactive radiations. In the list of experiments to do after his return from Stockholm, he registered the diffusion of alpha particles, that is to say how they are deflected when travelling through matter.
In 1903, Philip Lenard, bombarding atoms with cathode rays had noticed that they passed through the atoms as if they could find almost nothing on their trajectory. He summarized his observations by saying that at atomic scale "the solid matter is transparent" and noticed that "the space occupied by one cubic meter of solid platinum is as empty as the space between the stars and the earth" .
Observing that high speed alpha particles were deflected by a thin sheet of mica, Rutherford calculated the electric field inside the mica and deduced that it should have been very powerful. But he thought he should be able to detect and count deflected alpha particles. With his assistant Hans Geiger, Rutherford developed a method to do so. The result of their observations confirmed the existence of strong electric fields. Nevertheless an enigma remains: a few alpha particles were deflected.
Rutherford asked a young assistant Ernest Marsden to see if alpha particles were subjected to a high deflection, and even bounced back, when they went through a thin gold foil. That was the case! It was in darkness and with the naked eye, that Rutherford, Geiger and Marsden counted the scintillations due to the impacts of alpha particles on a screen of zinc sulphide.
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37. Give detailed notes on the experiment performed by Ernest Rutherford to find the structure
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In 1908, Ernest Rutherford received the Nobel Prize for identification of alpha particles with helium. During his Nobel Prize speech, he specifies that these atoms of helium are doubly ionized. This result causes a sensation because it is the result of ultimate measurements made before his trip to Sweden.
Rutherford does not stop there, he continued his researches on the properties of radioactive radiations. In the list of experiments to do after his return from Stockholm, he registered the diffusion of alpha particles, that is to say how they are deflected when travelling through matter.
In 1903, Philip Lenard, bombarding atoms with cathode rays had noticed that they passed through the atoms as if they could find almost nothing on their trajectory. He summarized his observations by saying that at atomic scale "the solid matter is transparent" and noticed that "the space occupied by one cubic meter of solid platinum is as empty as the space between the stars and the earth" .
Observing that high speed alpha particles were deflected by a thin sheet of mica, Rutherford calculated the electric field inside the mica and deduced that it should have been very powerful. But he thought he should be able to detect and count deflected alpha particles. With his assistant Hans Geiger, Rutherford developed a method to do so. The result of their observations confirmed the existence of strong electric fields. Nevertheless an enigma remains: a few alpha particles were deflected.
Rutherford asked a young assistant Ernest Marsden to see if alpha particles were subjected to a high deflection, and even bounced back, when they went through a thin gold foil. That was the case! It was in darkness and with the naked eye, that Rutherford, Geiger and Marsden counted the scintillations due to the impacts of alpha particles on a screen of zinc sulphide.