(4 Define F a) octet rule. b) hybridisation
Answers
Answer: (a) octet rule
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
Explanation: (b) hybridisation
n chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.
Answer:
a )The octet rule explains that atoms combine either by transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another (gaining or losing) or by sharing of valence electrons in order to have an octet i.e., eight electrons in their valence shells.
Significance:
It explains the reason for chemical combinations of atoms by ionic or covalent bonds.
Limitations:
1. Incomplete octet: When the central atom of certain molecules has less than 8 electrons in its valence shell and yet it’s stable.
2. Expanded octet: When the central atom of certain molecules have more than 8 electrons and yet it’s stable.
3. For Hydrogen (H) to attain stability, it needs to share, gain or lose 1 electron.
4. Helium (He) has only 2 electrons and is stable.
b)Orbital hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., then the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.
For example, in the ethane molecule, the bonding picture according to valence orbital theory is very similar to that of methane. Both carbons are sp
3
-hybridized, meaning that both have four bonds arranged with tetrahedral geometry.
Explanation:
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