Question

4. Define the following terms.
(a) Osteoporosis
(b) Sickle cell disease
(c) Pica
(d) Macronutrients
(e) Micronutrients​

Answer 1

Osteoporosis :- A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.

The body constantly absorbs and replaces bone tissue. With osteoporosis, new bone creation doesn't keep up with old bone removal.

Many people have no symptoms until they have a bone fracture.

Treatment includes medication, a healthy diet and weight-bearing exercise to help prevent bone loss or strengthen already weak bones.

Sickle cell disease:- A group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down.

With sickle cell disease, an inherited group of disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anaemia) and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).

Infections, pain and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease.

Treatments include medication, blood transfusions and rarely a bone-marrow transplant.

Pica:- Craving and chewing substances that have no nutritional value, such as ice, clay, soil or paper.

COMMON CAUSES

Pica can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples include stress, cultural factors, nutritional deficiencies or pregnancy.

Micronutrients:- Micronutrients are essential elements needed by life in small quantities. They include microminerals and Vitamins. Microminerals or trace elements include at least iron, cobalt, chromium, copper, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc, and molybdenum.

Macronutrients:- Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy and are required in large amounts to maintain body functions and carry out the activities of daily life. There are three broad classes of macronutrient: proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The food situation in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region has improved over the last four decades. However, the changes in food habits are not the same in all countries, which can be divided into three groups.

Answer 2

Explanation:

a) Osteoporosis = a medical condition in which the bones become weak and are easily broken

b) Sickle cell disease = a severe hereditary form of anaemia in which a mutated form of haemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels. It is commonest among those of African descent.

c) Pica = Pica (/ˈpaɪkə/ pIE-kuh) is a psychological disorder characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as ice (pagophagia); hair (trichophagia); paper (xylophagia); drywall or paint; sharp objects (acuphagia); metal (metallophagia); stones (lithophagia) or soil (geophagia); glass ( ...

d) Macronutrients = a type of food (e.g. fat, protein, carbohydrate) required in large amounts in the diet.

e) Micronutrients = a chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.