Question

4. In his essay, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” one factor that Garrett Hardin failed to consider was... a. the destruction of natural resources. b. human self-interest. c. the social nature of humans. d. None of the above

Answer 1

Answer:

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Explanation:

The tragedy of the commons is a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users, acting independently according to their own self-interest, behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling the shared resource through their collective action. The theory originated in an essay written in 1833 by the British economist William Forster Lloyd, who used a hypothetical example of the effects of unregulated grazing on common land (also known as a "common") in Great Britain and Ireland.[1] The concept became widely known as the "tragedy of the commons" over a century later due to an article written by American biologist and philosopher Garrett Hardin in 1968.[2] In this modern economic context, "commons" is taken to mean any shared and unregulated resource such as atmosphere, oceans, rivers, ocean fish stocks, or even an office refrigerator.

The term is used in environmental science. The "tragedy of the commons" is often cited in connection with sustainable development, meshing economic growth and environmental protection, as well as in the debate over global warming. It has also been used in analyzing behavior in the fields of economics, evolutionary psychology, anthropology, game theory, politics, taxation and sociology.

Although common resource systems have been known to collapse due to overuse (such as in over-fishing), many examples have existed and still do exist where members of a community with access to a common resource co-operate or regulate to exploit those resources prudently without collapse.[3][4] Elinor Ostrom was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics for demonstrating exactly this concept in her book Governing the Commons, which included examples of how local communities were able to do this without top-down

Answer 2

Option A) The destruction of natural resources

The Tragedy of the Commons,” one factor that Garrett Hardin failed to consider was The destruction of natural resources.

• In a society that values the freedom of the commons, all men race toward ruin, each looking out for his own best interests. In a commons, freedom leads to everyone's downfall.
• The tragedy of the commons is an economic issue that arises when people put their own interests ahead of the welfare of society. Everyone loses out as a result of excessive consumption and eventual resource depletion.
• The biologist Garrett Hardin wrote "The Tragedy of the Commons" in 1968, in which he made the case that shared, finite resources will ultimately deteriorate into ruin as long as their use is unrestrained.
• Governance is necessary to control consumption and promote sustainability in order to prevent disaster. Government regulation or private property-enabled markets, both of which would do away with the commons, are potential answers, according to Hardin.
• In essence, an externality is what causes the Tragedy of the Commons. The quality of the land that is made available to other families is diminished when one family's flock grazes on the common area. There are too many sheep because people fail to consider this unfavourable externality when determining how many sheep to keep.

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