4) Multi stream approach does not include:
Answers
Answer:
it does not include just policy theory
Answer : Multi stream approach
Explanation :
“Multiple Streams” is not an approach to studying policy, but a theory that attempts to explain how policies change over time.
On the whole, policy theory accepts that institutions tend to control the rate of policy change. Most policy change occurs incrementally basing future policy on what was done in the past. This part should be common sense. For instance, if you were managing (say) a conference, chances are you would rely heavily on what other people did while adding small little bits based on feedback, new ideas and so on.
However, once in a while, we see drastic policy change that occurs after some tragic circumstance or disaster. For example, during the Depression, policies moved from “laissez faire” liberalism to the Keynesian fiscal and monetary policy.
According to the “Multiple Streams” theory, described best by John Kingdon, but with followers elsewhere such as Michael Howlett, there are “streams” of people focused on particular elements of social problems.
Activists, for instance, focus on drawing attention to their favored policy problems, but often leave the solutions for others to figure out. Most of the time, they are ignored because there are no end of problems we could solve.
Policy-makers, often bureaucrats, spend their days trying to develop policy solutions. More often than not, their solutions get a “no go” because no one wants to spend money on fixing a problem no one knows or cares about.
Then there are leaders who are great at mobilizing resources from one place to another. They usually struggle trying to find out where to allocate these resources, since there are so many people that want resources for their cause.
According to the theory, these “streams” sometimes described as “problem,” “policy” and “political” streams exist together in a primordial soup with no form or shape until something coalesces, usually because a “policy entrepreneur” — someone who intends on making their living by solving policy problems — has figured out that a particular solution is suitable for a particular problem and can access the necessary resources to make the solution happen.
When the streams are aligned, we start to see transformational policy change, or in Kingdon’s words “an idea whose time has come.”
There are competing and/or complementary theories as well that are worth considering: punctuated equilibrium, institutional frameworks, network theories, and social construction theories.
To know more about the concept please go through the links :
https://brainly.in/question/27282854
https://brainly.in/question/30518089
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