4. What is transplantation? What are its advantages?
5. What are weeds? How do we control them?
Answer the following questions.
1. Why is ploughing and levelling done?
2. Differentiate between manure and fertilizers.
. What are the different ways in which seeds are sown?
- How is soil prepared for sowing seeds?
How do farmers protect their crops from weeds?
HOTS (Think and Answer)
Answers
Answer:There are certain crops such as paddy, and many vegetables such as tomatoes, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower and chilies, which are not grown by sowing the seeds directly in the field. In such cases, it is necessary to prepare a nursery or a seedbed separately in apart of the field. After the seeds grow into little seedlings (small plants), they are transplanted in the main field. During transplantation, only healthy seedlings are selected and are planted at regular proper intervals (spacings) in the main field. The process of replanting the seedlings from the nursery in the main field is called Transplantation.
The process of transplantation in crop production has the following advantages:
1. It enables us to select only healthy seedlings for the plants.
2. The process of transplantation promotes better penetration of roots in the soil.
3. It promotes better development of shoot system of plants.
4. The process of transplantation enables us to plant the seedlings at the right spacing so as to ensure the uniform availability of water, nutrients and sunlight to the plants.
In a field many other undesirable or unwanted plants may grow naturally along with the crop. These plants are called weeds. We can adopt many ways to remove weeds and control their growth. Tilling before sowing of crops helps in uprooting and killing of weeds, which may then dry up and get mixed with the soil. The best time for the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds. The manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground, from time to time. This is done with the help of a khurpi or a harrow.
Weeds are also controlled by using certain chemicals, called weedicides like 2, 4-D. These are sprayed in the fields to kill the weeds. They do not damage the crops. The weedicides are diluted with water to the extent required and sprayed in the fields with a sprayer.
If there is unevenness in the soil of the planting area, irrigation will tend to be uneven, resulting in some areas getting more water than others. Thus the harvest will be uneven rather than uniform across the planting.
If the crop is grown from seed, a level planting area will help ensure that the seeds will be distributed evenly, thus helping ensure an even harvest. This is particularly true when the seeding is done by machine rather than by hand.
Agriculture is one of the primary occupations of all the countries around the world. Indeed, we are mainly dependent on agriculture for our daily needs. To increase the agriculture produce, the farmers work on improving the fertility of soil, which is possible by adding manure and fertilizer. Manure refers to the natural substance that is obtained from the decomposition of the waste of plant and animals such as cow dung, etc.
On the other hand, fertilizer is the chemical substances which can be added to the soil to increase its nutrient content. If you are planning for farming, you should be known about the ways to enhance the fertility of the soil.
Hand sowing
Hand sowing or (planting) is the process of casting handfuls of seed over prepared ground, or broadcasting (from which the technological term is derived[citation needed]). Usually, a drag or harrow is employed to incorporate the seed into the soil. Though labor-intensive for any but small areas, this method is still used in some situations. Practice is required to sow evenly and at the desired rate. A hand seeder can be used for sowing, though it is less of a help than it is for the smaller seeds of grasses and legumes.
A tray used in horticulture (for sowing and taking plant cuttings)
Hand sowing may be combined with pre-sowing in seed trays. This allows the plants to come to strength indoors during cold periods (e.g. spring in temperate countries).
In agriculture, most seed is now sown using a seed drill, which offers greater precision; seed is sown evenly and at the desired rate. The drill also places the seed at a measured distance below the soil, so that less seed is required. The standard design uses a fluted feed metering system, which is volumetric in nature; individual seeds are not counted. Rows are typically about 10–30 cm apart, depending on the crop species and growing conditions. Several row opener types are used depending on soil type and local tradition. Grain drills are most often drawn by tractors, but can also be pulled by horses. Pickup trucks are sometimes used, since little draft is required.
A seed rate of about 100 kg of seed per hectare (2 bushels per acre) is typical, though rates vary considerably depending on crop species, soil conditions, and farmer's preference. Excessive rates can cause the crop to lodge, while too thin a rate will result in poor utilisation of the land, competition with weeds and a reduction in the yield.
Explanation:
Answer:
4) transplantation
when seedlings are formed ; these are manually planted in the field are known as transplantation.
ADVANTAGES
1) It's enables the farmer to selectively cultivate only healthy plants.
2) In case of paddy ; seedlings are planted in standing water at appropriate distances.
5) The unwanted plants that grow along with the crops are called weeds.
we can control them by weeding
1) It is done by using wooden or iron plough which is pulled either by oxen or by a tractor.
sorry I can answer this much ...............