4. Write a note on the Mesopotamian Civilization?
6. Write a note on the art and crafts of Indus Valley Civilization?
7. Explain the common features of the river valley civilizations?
5. Discuss the chief characteristics of the Egyptian Civilization?
Answers
Answer:
4. note on the Mesopotamian Civilization
Humans first settled in Mesopotamia in the Paleolithic era. By 14,000 B.C., people in the region lived in small settlements with circular houses.
Five thousand years later, these houses formed farming communities following the domestication of animals and the development of agriculture, most notably irrigation techniques that took advantage of the proximity of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Agricultural progress was the work of the dominant Ubaid culture, which had absorbed the Halaf culture before it.
6.note on the art and crafts of Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilisation – Art and Craft – Harrapan Seals – Important Seals. The Harappan culture belongs to the Bronze Age. The people of Harappa used many tools and implements of stone, but they were well-acquainted with the manufacture and use of bronze. However, bronze tools are not prolific in Harappa
7. the common features of the river valley civilizations
A river gives the inhabitants a reliable source of water for drinking and agriculture. Additional benefits include fishing, fertile soil due to annual flooding, and ease of transportation. The first great civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia and Egypt, all grew up in river valleys.
5.the chief characteristics of the Egyptian Civilization
The chief characteristics of the Egyptian Civilization: Government and religion were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians believed that their kings or pharaohs were the descendants of God. The Egyptian society was divided into three classes- The Upper, middle and the lower class.
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4. Write a note on the Mesopotamian civilization?
Mesopotamia is a region of southwest Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates river system that benefitted from the area’s climate and geography to host the beginnings of human civilization. Its history is marked by many important inventions that changed the world, including the concept of time, math, the wheel, sailboats, maps and writing. Mesopotamia is also defined by a changing succession of ruling bodies from different areas and cities that seized control over a period of thousands of years.
6. Write a note on the art and crafts of Indus Valley civilization?
The arts of Indus Valley civilisation, one of the earliest civilisations of the world, emerged during the second half of the third millennium (Bronze Age).
The forms of art found from various sites of civilisation include sculptures, seals, pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta figures, etc.
Their delineation of human and animal figures was highly realistic in nature.
Modelling of figures was done in an extremely careful manner.
Two major sites of Indus Valley civilization, along the river Indus are: North – cities of Harappa; South – Mohenjo-Daro.
The site showcase one of the earliest examples of civic planning.
Houses, markets, storage facilities, offices, etc. arranged in a grid-like pattern.
In this pattern, roads were cut across one another in 90-degree angle and the city was divided into blocks.
There was also a highly developed drainage system.
While Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are situated in Pakistan, the important sites excavated in India are:
Lothal, Surkotada, Dholavira – Gujarat
Rakhigarh and Banwali – Haryana
Ropar – Punjab
Kalibangan and Balatha – Rajasthan
7. Explain the common feature of the river valley civilization?
A river valley civilization is an agricultural nation or civilization situated beside and drawing sustenance from a river. A "civilization" means a society with large permanent settlements featuring urban development, social satisfaction, specialization of labor, centralized organization, and written or other formal means of communication. A river gives the inhabitants a reliable source of water for drinking and agriculture. Additional benefits include fishing, fertile soil due to annual flooding, and ease of transportation. The first great civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia and Egypt, all grew up in river valleys.
5. Discuss the chief characteristics of the Egyptian civilization?
The chief characteristics of the Egyptian Civilization:
Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River in Africa in around 4000 BCE
The Egyptians kept written records using a writing system known as hieroglyphics.
Government and religion were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians believed that their kings or pharaohs were the descendants of God.
The Egyptian society was divided into three classes- The Upper, middle and the lower class.
The main occupation of the people was agriculture.
The Egyptian Civilization was polytheistic in nature. It means that the Egyptians believe in many gods and goddesses.
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