4. Write the physical characteristics of petroleum.
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Answer:
Petroleum includes not only crude oil, but all liquid, gaseous and solid hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane exist as gases, while pentane and heavier hydrocarbons are in the form of liquids or solids
Properties of Petroleum
It can also be reddish, greenish yellow, light yellow, or transparent. The smell ranges from gasoline (sweet crude) to foul (sour crude) to fruity (crude oil rich in aromatic-type molecules). Natural gas is a colorless, odorless gas that burns.
Surface operations in petroleum production involve hydrocarbon gases and liquids with a smaller content of nonhydrocarbon compounds. Natural gas and natural gasoline are primarily mixtures of the lighter hydrocarbons with varying amounts of nonhydrocarbons such as water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. The heavier mixtures such as crude oil consist of a myriad of higher boiling hydrocarbons and various compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Certain physical characteristics of the hydrocarbon mixtures are needed to design new equipment and to understand and predict the performance of existing equipment. This chapter presents some physical constants of the lighter hydrocarbons and other components of petroleum gases and liquids. Properties of special importance—density, viscosity, and vapor–liquid equilibrium ratios—are discussed in the chapter. Petroleum production usually involves handling of vapor and liquid phases. It is usually assumed that the vapor is in equilibrium with the coexisting liquid phase, although this does not have to be correct in all cases. The concept of equilibrium, however, makes calculations much easier.
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