Question

5. What are photochemical reactions? Explain with the help of examples.
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Answer 1

Answer:

Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible light (400–750 nm) or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm).[1]In nature, photochemistry is of immense importance as it is the basis of photosynthesis, vision, and the formation of vitamin D with sunlight.[2] Photochemical reactions proceed differently than temperature-driven reactions. Photochemical paths access high energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes. Photochemistry is also destructive, as illustrated by the photodegradation of plastics.Examples of photochemical reactions Edit

Photosynthesis: plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Human formation of vitamin D by exposure to sunlight.

Bioluminescence: e.g. In fireflies, an enzyme in the abdomen catalyzes a reaction that produced light.[8]

Polymerizations started by photoinitiators, which decompose upon absorbing light to produce the free radicals for radical polymerization.

Photodegradation of many substances, e.g. polyvinyl chloride and Fp. Medicine bottles are often made with darkened glass to prevent the drugs from photodegradation.

Photodynamic therapy: light is used to destroy tumors by the action of singlet oxygen generated by photosensitized reactions of triplet oxygen. Typical photosensitizers include tetraphenylporphyrin and methylene blue. The resulting singlet oxygen is an aggressive oxidant, capable of converting C-H bonds into C-OH groups.

Diazo printing process

Photoresist technology, used in the production of microelectronic components.

Vision is initiated by a photochemical reaction of rhodopsin.[9]

Toray photochemical production of ε-caprolactame.[10]

Photochemical production of artemisinin, anti-malaria drug.[11][12]

Photoalkylation, used for the light-induced addition of alkyl groups to molecules.

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Answer 2

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