6.1 Classification of living organisms explain in detail with there kingdoms and examples
Answers
Answer:
Five Kingdom Classification
The five-kingdom classification that we see today was not the initial result of the classification of living organisms. Carolus Linnaeus first came up with a two-kingdom classification which included only kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia.
The two-kingdom classification lasted for a very long time but did not last forever because it did not take into account many major parameters while classifying. There was no differentiation of the eukaryotes and prokaryotes; neither unicellular and multicellular; nor photosynthetic and the non-photosynthetic.
Putting all the organisms in either plant or animal kingdom was insufficient because there were a lot of organisms which could not be classified as either plants or animals.
All these confusions led to a new mode of classification which had to take into account cell structure, the presence of cell wall, mode of reproduction and mode of nutrition. As a result, R H Whittaker came up with the concept of the five-kingdom classification.
The five-kingdom classification of living organisms included the following kingdoms:
Kingdom Monera
The bacteria are categorized underneath the Kingdom Monera.
Features of Monerans
They possess the following important features:
Bacteria occur everywhere and they are microscopic in nature.
They possess a cell wall and are prokaryotic.
The cell wall is formed of amino acids and polysaccharides.
Bacteria can be heterotrophic and autotrophic.
The heterotrophic bacteria can be parasitic or saprophytic. The autotrophic bacteria can be chemosynthetic or photosynthetic.
Types of Monerans
Bacteria can be classified into four types based on their shape:
Coccus (pl.: cocci) – These bacteria are spherical in shape
Bacillus (pl.: bacilli) – These bacteria are rod-shaped
Vibrium (pl.: vibrio) – These bacteria are comma-shaped bacteria
Spirillum (pl.: spirilla) – These bacteria are spiral-shaped bacteria
Monera has since been divided into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Kingdom Protista
Features of Protista
Protista has the following important features:
They are unicellular and eukaryotic organisms.
Some of them have cilia or flagella for mobility.
Sexual reproduction is by a process of cell fusion and zygote formation.
Sub-groups of Protista
Kingdom Protista is categorized into subsequent groups:
Chrysophytes: The golden algae (desmids) and diatoms fall under this group. They are found in marine and freshwater habitats.
Dinoflagellates: They are usually photosynthetic and marine. The colour they appear is dependent on the key pigments in their cells; they appear red, blue, brown, green or yellow.
Euglenoids: Most of them live in freshwater habitation in motionless water. The cell wall is absent in them, instead, there is a protein-rich layer called a pellicle.
Slime Moulds: These are saprophytic. The body moves along putrefying leaves and twigs and nourishes itself on organic material. Under favourable surroundings, they form an accumulation and were called Plasmodial slime moulds.
Protozoans: They are heterotrophs and survive either as parasites or predators.
Kingdom Fungi
The kingdom fungi include moulds, mushroom, yeast etc. They show a variety of applications in domestic as well as commercial purposes.
Features of Kingdom Fungi
The fungi are filamentous, excluding yeast (single-celled).
Their figure comprises slender, long thread-like constructions called hyphae. The web of hyphae is called mycelium.
Some of the hyphae are unbroken tubes which are jam-packed with multinucleated cytoplasm. Such hyphae are labelled Coenocytic hyphae.
The other type of hyphae has cross-walls or septae.
The cell wall of fungi is composed of polysaccharides and chitin.
Most of the fungi are saprophytes and are heterotrophic.
Some of the fungi also survive as symbionts. Some are parasites. Some of the symbiont fungi live in association with algae, like lichens. Some symbiont fungi live in association with roots of higher plants, as mycorrhiza.
Kingdom Plantae
Features of Kingdom Plantae
The kingdom Plantae is filled with all eukaryotes which have chloroplast.
Most of them are autotrophic in nature, but some are heterotrophic as well.
The Cell wall mainly comprises cellulose.
Plants have two distinct phases in their lifecycle. These phases alternate with each other. The diploid saprophytic and the haploid gametophytic phase. The lengths of the diploid and haploid phases vary among dissimilar groups of plants. Alternation of Generation is what this phenomenon is called.
Kingdom Animalia
Features of Kingdom Animalia
All multicellular eukaryotes which are heterotrophs and lack cell wall are set aside under this kingdom.
The animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plants for food. Their mode of nutrition is holozoic. Holozoic nutrition encompasses ingestion of food and then the use of an internal cavity for digestion of food.
Many of the animals are adept for locomotion.
They reproduce by sexual mode of reproduction.
Answer:
Classification of living Organisms is divided into two parts
Explanation:
first is prokoryotes they are unicellular
Second is Eukorotes they are unicellular and multicellular both
prokoryotes Monera group
eucoryotic have two parts unicellular and multicellular unicellular have protista
and multicellular is divided in two part with cell wall and without cell wall in cell wall two part is divided Do not able to perform photosynthesis and Able to perform photosynthesis the are Fungi and plants respectively
without cellwall Animalia
Plantae is divided in 5 classes
they are
1. thallophyta
2. Bryophyta
3. Pteridophyta
4.Gymnosperm
5. Angiosperm
Angiosperm is divided in 2 classes
1.Dicots
2.Monocots