Question

6.
How does dispersal occur in the seeds of Indian elm plants?​

Answer 1

Explanation:

eeds and fruits travel the wind currents and gentle breezes of the earth, possibly colonizing a distant mountain slope or fertile valley. Literally hundreds of species in many plant families have adopted this remarkable method of dispersal, including a variety of ubiquitous plants that we recognize as "weeds." The answer to why some weedy composites (such as the European dandelion) have worldwide distributions is truly "blowing in the wind" (to quote from the Peter, Paul and Mary song). Some of the ingenious adaptations for this method of wind dispersal include seeds that resemble parachutes, helicopters and gliders. In fact, one species (see opening photo) reportedly inspired the design of some is a prolific seeder and rapid seed germination and seedling establishment occurs after only a brief and limited rainy season. A single plant may produce 20,000 to 50,000 seeds within numerous small fruits, each surrounded by a circular, papery border. Mature plants readily break off at the ground level and are pushed along by strong gusts of wind. As they roll along hillsides and valleys, the seeds are scartered across the landscape. Tumbleweeds often pile up in wind rows along fences and buildings. This is a troublesome weed in agricultural areas because it literally covers the farm land with bushy, prickly shrubs. One interesting use for this plant in arid regions of the American southwest is for a "snowman" at Christmas time. Three proportionally sized tumbleweeds are used to make the head, thorax and main body of a "snowman." Another suggested use is to compress tumbleweeds into logs and use them for firewood.

A tumbleweed "snowman" in San Diego County made from three dried plants of Salsola tragus.

7. Miscellaneous

Squirrel-Tail Grass (Elymus elymoides), formerly named Sitanion hystrix is an attractive grass native to the mountains and plains of the western United States. Seed-bearing sections (spikelets) of the flower spike (containing one-seeded fruits called grains and very long awns) are carried short distances by the wind. Although not as efficient fliers, the long awns function like the parachute bristles (pappus) of composites.

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