8.Find out more about the Champaran movementand Mahatma Gandhi’s role in it.
9.Look into the history of either tea or coffeeplantations in India. See how the life of workers inthese plantations was similar to or different fromthat of workers in indigo plantations
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Explanation:
8. Mahatma Gandhi's role in Champaran movement:
Gandhiji witnessed the miserable conditions of the peasants. iii) Gandhiji established an ashram here and handpicked lawyers like Dr. Rajendra Prasad to work for the betterment of the villages. iv) He started a peaceful and non- violent movement.
9.
Answer
(i) Accounts of earlier Indian history do not mention the use of tea or its cultivation. We get a mention by a Dutch sea-traveller in 1598 that tea is being eaten as well as drunk in India.
(ii) In 1824, tea plants were discovered in the hills of the Indian state of Assam. The British introduced tea culture into India in 1836. India had been the top producer of tea for nearly a century.
(iii) The workers in the tea plantations were oppressed. They were given low wages. There were poor housing and lack of social mobility. For making more profits, the tea planters reclaimed wastelands where the workers had to labour hard to develop plantation. For this, the planters introduced indentured labour system. The local as well as outside labourers were employed under contract.
(iv) There were two types of indentured labour system- Arkatti and Sardari. Under Arkatti system, unlicensed recruitment was carried from Chotanagpur and other tribal areas of the sub-continent. Under the Sardari system new labourers were employed by those who were already employed in the plantation gardens.
(v) The labourers had to work hard. The outside labourers had to stay at the garden for a longer period. They were not permitted to meet their family, even on occasions. They were exploited in many ways. They were not allowed to leave the plantation garden during the contract period.
(vi) The labourers in the tea plantations and indigo farming were similar in the way that they were exploited heavily. The profit was made by the owners and the labourers got almost nothing. They were different in the way that, however, there was a contract with the planters, but indigo workers were not under indentured labour system.
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Find out more about the Champaran movement and Mahatma Gandhi’s role in it.
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Hint: The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in India and is considered a historically important revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. The main focus of the Champaran movement was to address the plight of the farmers of Champaran.
Complete answer:
When the indigo production collapsed in Bengal, the European planters of Indigo shifted their operations to Bihar. The farmers of Champaran, a village in Bihar, were forced to grow indigo by the European planters instead of the food crops which were necessary for their survival. The European planters were destroying the productivity of the land which was the main reason for the protest. Mahatma Gandhi was invited by some of the peasants to look after their misery. Gandhiji accepted an invitation and started a mass movement after seeing the plight of the indigo cultivators.
Mahatma Gandhi’s role in Champaran movement:
i) Mahatma Gandhi’s visit in 1917 marked the beginning of the Champaran movement against the indigo planters.
ii) The European planter oppressed the peasants. Gandhiji witnessed the miserable conditions of the peasants.
iii) Gandhiji established an ashram here and handpicked lawyers like Dr. Rajendra Prasad to work for the betterment of the villages.
iv) He started a peaceful and non- violent movement.
v) The district officials ordered him to leave Champaran but he refused to comply with the orders and started the Satyagraha movement.
vi) As a result, Gandhiji was arrested but he did not leave champaran.
vii) Finally, a law was passed to protect the farmers from the indigo planters.
9 (i) Accounts of earlier Indian history do not mention the use of tea or its cultivation. We get a mention by a Dutch sea-traveller in 1598 that tea is being eaten as well as drunk in India.
(ii) In 1824, tea plants were discovered in the hills of the Indian state of Assam. The British introduced tea culture into India in 1836. India had been the top producer of tea for nearly a century.
(iii) The workers in the tea plantations were oppressed. They were given low wages. There were poor housing and lack of social mobility. For making more profits, the tea planters reclaimed wastelands where the workers had to labour hard to develop plantation. For this, the planters introduced indentured labour system. The local as well as outside labourers were employed under contract.
(iv) There were two types of indentured labour system- Arkatti and Sardari. Under Arkatti system, unlicensed recruitment was carried from Chotanagpur and other tribal areas of the sub-continent. Under the Sardari system new labourers were employed by those who were already employed in the plantation gardens.
(v) The labourers had to work hard. The outside labourers had to stay at the garden for a longer period. They were not permitted to meet their family, even on occasions. They were exploited in many ways. They were not allowed to leave the plantation garden during the contract period.
(vi) The labourers in the tea plantations and indigo farming were similar in the way that they were exploited heavily. The profit was made by the owners and the labourers got almost nothing. They were different in the way that, however, there was a contract with the planters, but indigo workers were not under indentured labour system.