Question

9. Differentiate between simple distillation and fractional distillation
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Answer 1

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What is the difference between fractional and simple distillation?

Let us consider the following situation:

Liquid A, with boiling point 80 C. Liquid B, with boiling point 150 C. Also assume that A and B are completely miscible and forms an ideal mixture. Now let us take a mixture containing equal volumes of A and B (a 50:50 mixture). We want to separate A and B to get pure A and B.

Since there is a large difference in boiling points (150 - 80 = 70 C), we will attempt to separate them through distillation. So we heat the mixture slowly and condense the vapor obtained (using a simple distillation apparatus). When the temperature reaches 80 C, liquid A will start boiling, temperature remains constant at 80 C till all the A has boiled off, and the condensed vapors are collected in a flask to get pure A. When the temperature reaches 150 C, liquid B will start boiling, temperature remains constant at 150 C till all the B has boiled off, and the condensed vapors are collected in another flask to get pure B. This process is known as simple distillation, and is useful when the difference in boiling points is large.

This ideal situation is what is taught in lower level courses to introduce the process of distillation to a beginner. But is it that simple in practice? Definitely no !!

Remember that liquids change to vapor at all temperatures, not only at its boiling point. As temperature increases, the rate of evaporation also increases. Finally, the rate becomes very high and steady at the boiling point of the liquid.

Answer 2

Explanation:

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