9. Long answer questions,
(a) Explain in detail the Ahom kingdom and tribal community.
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The Ahoms migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from present-day Myanmar in the 13th century. They created a new state by suppressing the older political system of the bhuiyans (landlords).The Ahom dynasty ruled the Ahom kingdom in present-day Assam for nearly 600 years. The dynasty was established by Sukaphaa.
In Ahom society adult males served in the army during the war. They were engaged in building dams, irrigation systems, and other public works during peacetime. Ahom society was divided into clans or khels. There were very few castes of artisans, so artisans in the Ahom areas came from the adjoining kingdoms. A Khel often controlled several villages. The peasant was given land by his village community. Even the king could not take it away without the communitys consent. Originally, the Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods. During the first half of the seventeenth century, however, the influence of Brahmanas increased. In the reign of Sib Singh (1714-1744), Hinduism became the predominant religion.
The main characteristics of the tribal societies are as follows:
Tribal societies are united by kinship bonds.
There is no hierarchy among men and groups in tribal societies.
Strong, complex, formal organisation is absent in tribal societies.
Tribal societies have communitarian basis of land holding.
A considerable social change took place in the subcontinent. Varna-based society and tribal people constantly interacted with each other. This interaction caused both kinds of societies to adapt and change. There were many different tribes and they took up diverse livelihoods. Over a period of time, many of them merged with caste-based society. Others, however, rejected both the caste system and orthodox Hinduism. Some tribes established extensive states with well-organized systems of administration. They thus became politically powerful. This brought them into conflict with larger and more complex kingdoms and empires.
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