A Answer in Detail
(a) Root
(c) Leaf
(d) Flower
1. Give the important functions of the following:
(b) Stem
2. Give differences between the following:
(a) Root and stem
(c) Herb and shrub
(e) Reticulate venation and parallel venation
3. List the functions of various parts of a flower.
4. Draw and label the following diagrams:
(a) Tap root
(b) Fibrous root
(b) Node and internode
(d) Creeper and climber
(f) Stamen and pistil
(c) Stamen
(d) Pistil
Answers
1. (a) The functions of the root are as follows:
Anchoring of the plant to the soil.
Absorption of water and nutrients from the soil.
Conduction of absorbed water and nutrients to stem.
Storage of food.
Vegetative reproduction and competition with other plants.
(b) The main function of a stem in plants:
A stem performs a variety of functions that are important for various biochemical processes, including photosynthesis.
It gives an accurate structure and foundation for a plant that later develops into a tree.
The stem’s main role is to hold onto the plant buds, flowers, leaves, and fruits.
A stem helps the plants together with the roots, helping them stand up straight and perpendicular to the ground.
It is the component that transports water and mineral from the root to many other areas of the tree and prepares food from leaves.
Stems are one of the plant storerooms where the prepared food is processed in starch form.
Few stems help to replicate by vegetative propagation and also help to grow flowers and fruit.
(c) Leaves are vital to the survival of plants. There are the following two main functions of the leaf:
Transpiration: The extra water comes out of the leaves in the form of vapour. This process is called transpiration.
Photosynthesis: The process by which leaves prepare their food from water and carbon dioxide, in the presence of sunlight and a green-coloured substance, is called photosynthesis.
(d) The primary purpose of the flower is reproduction. Since the flowers are the reproductive organs of the plant, they mediate the joining of the sperm, contained within pollen, to the ovules — contained in the ovary. Pollination is the movement of pollen from the anthers to the stigma.
2. (a) Stems
This plant part lies above the soil surface emerging from the plumule of the embryo, exhibiting growth that is positively phototropic and negatively geotropic
These structures possess internodes and nodes from which different plant structures develop such as leaves, branches, flower buds, bracts
Functions –
Fluid and nutrition transport
Mechanical support
Appropriate arrangement of leaves and branches
Nutrients storage
Infinite growth
Production of new organs/tissues
The stem consists of the following morphologically – nodes, apical and axillary buds, internodes
They develop from apical meristematic tissue – vegetative cones
Roots
One of the major vegetative organs of vascular plants that are linked to their substrates are roots, ideally underground
Found below the soil surface, it emerges from the radical of the embryo
Exhibit growth that is positively geotropic and negatively phototropic
They are not differentiated into internodes and nodes
Functions –
Water absorption
Nutrient storage
Anchoring plants
Infinite growth
Vegetative propagation
Roots can be any of these depending on their origin and development – main root, adventitious roots, lateral roots
(b) Node
The point of attachment of the leaf is called a node.
Identified by the presence of scars or buds, leaves or branches in this region.
Nodes are regions of great cellular activity and growth.
Internode
The portion between the two nodes is known as the internode.
Absence of scars or any parts such as buds, leaves, branches.
The activity of cells in the internode maximize the distance between the nodes thereby increases the length of the plant.
(c) Herbs
Herbs are smaller than shrubs.
Have a single stem.
Have delicate and thin tissue.
Annual, biennial, and perennial.
Have non-woody and soft stems.
These stems have no branches.
Examples include- Rice, Wheat, Onion, etc.
Shrubs
Shrubs are comparatively taller than herbs
Usually have multiple branches.
Have strong and wood tissue.
Mainly perennial
Have woody, hard stems.
Some shrubs have many small leafy branches
Examples include- Orange, Rose Peach, Lavender, etc.
Cannot be as easily uprooted as herbs
(d) Creeper
Creepers, as the name suggests, are plants that creep on the ground. They have very fragile, long, thin stems that can neither stand erect nor support all their weight. Examples include watermelon, strawberry, pumpkin and sweet potatoes.
Climber
Climbers are much more advanced than creepers. Climbers have a very thin, long and weak stem that cannot stand upright, but they can use external support to grow vertically and carry their weight. These types of plants use special structures called tendrils to climb. Few climbers plants names include pea plant, grapevine, sweet gourd, money plant, jasmine, runner beans, green peas, etc.
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