a beaker contain hydrochloric acid contain ph of 1
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The pH scale is used to measure the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The scale runs from 0 (very acidic solutions can have a negative pH) to 14 (very alkaline solutions can have a pH higher than this), while a neutral liquid such as pure water has a pH of 7. The pH is linked to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. Diluting an acid or alkali affects the concentration of H+ ions in a solution and therefore affects the pH. In this activity, we will investigate how diluting an acid or alkali affects the pH.
Task 1: Diluting acids and alkalis (1)

Model 1
Open Yenka file Model 1.In the model there is a beaker containing 1 mol/litre hydrochloric acid. There are also three empty beakers and a pipette, which can be used to transfer liquid from one beaker to another. The tap can be used to add water to beakers.
Open the reaction details for the hydrochloric acid and note the pH.
Move the beaker under the tap and add water until the beaker is nearly full. Note the pH again. What has happened to the pH of the acid on being diluted?
Answer
Now use the pipette to transfer 5 ml of liquid from this beaker to the first empty beaker. The pH in this beaker should now be the same as that in the acid.
Use the tap to add water until the beaker is nearly full. Note the pH again.
Transfer 5 ml of liquid from this beaker to another empty beaker and add water until the beaker is nearly full. Note the pH again.
Transfer 5 ml of liquid from this beaker to another empty beaker and add water until the beaker is nearly full. Note the pH again.
What always happens to the pH of an acid when it is diluted?
Answer
Open Yenka Model 2.
This is the same as Model 1 except that the beaker contains 1.0 mol/litre sodium hydroxide, an alkali instead of acid. Follow the same dilution routine as you did for the acid, noting the pH after each dilution. What always happens to the pH of an alkali when it is diluted?
Answer
In general, when we dilute and acid or an alkali, the pH always moves toward what value of pH?
Answer
Suggest why, no matter how much we dilute an acid with water, the pH never rises above 7.
Answer
Suggest why, no matter how much we dilute an alkali with water, the pH never falls below 7.
Answer
Task 1: Diluting acids and alkalis (1)

Model 1
Open Yenka file Model 1.In the model there is a beaker containing 1 mol/litre hydrochloric acid. There are also three empty beakers and a pipette, which can be used to transfer liquid from one beaker to another. The tap can be used to add water to beakers.
Open the reaction details for the hydrochloric acid and note the pH.
Move the beaker under the tap and add water until the beaker is nearly full. Note the pH again. What has happened to the pH of the acid on being diluted?
Answer
Now use the pipette to transfer 5 ml of liquid from this beaker to the first empty beaker. The pH in this beaker should now be the same as that in the acid.
Use the tap to add water until the beaker is nearly full. Note the pH again.
Transfer 5 ml of liquid from this beaker to another empty beaker and add water until the beaker is nearly full. Note the pH again.
Transfer 5 ml of liquid from this beaker to another empty beaker and add water until the beaker is nearly full. Note the pH again.
What always happens to the pH of an acid when it is diluted?
Answer
Open Yenka Model 2.
This is the same as Model 1 except that the beaker contains 1.0 mol/litre sodium hydroxide, an alkali instead of acid. Follow the same dilution routine as you did for the acid, noting the pH after each dilution. What always happens to the pH of an alkali when it is diluted?
Answer
In general, when we dilute and acid or an alkali, the pH always moves toward what value of pH?
Answer
Suggest why, no matter how much we dilute an acid with water, the pH never rises above 7.
Answer
Suggest why, no matter how much we dilute an alkali with water, the pH never falls below 7.
Answer
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