A book placed on the surface of a table the book is pushed in one direction draw the forces acting on the book and explain.
Answers
suppose a book placed on a table and some force is applied on it then it will move in the direction of the force then, the force which act on it are:- force of friction =which act opposite the applied force. mg=weight due to gravity. R(normal reaction)=which balance the the force mg
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I differ with any answer that says gravity is a force. I say that the only force (other than the strong and weak forces in the nucleus of the atom) is the electromagnetic force between the electrons of the atoms of the table and the book. [There are also electromagnetic forces between the electrons and protons; but we don’t normally deal with this aspect of the atom.] Gravity is not a force.
If you were floating in space, you don’t feel gravity, although gravity makes your body descend. The only time you feel a force (your weight) is when you stand on the ground and the ground thwarts your tendency to descend due to gravity, or you are accelerated to a higher speed, like in a rocket ship but, we’ll stick to dealing with gravity. The force you feel is the accumulated electromagnetic forces of the ground’s atom’s electrons and those of your feet. The electromagnetic forces are transmitted atom-by-atom, molecule-by-molecule, up through your body.
The usual explanation of gravity is that it is the warping of space or spacetime. But, the primary, if not the only thing warped, is the time component. It works like this:
Time runs slower in a gravitational field (Einstein). This is called time dilation. A clock in the valley runs slower than one on the mountaintop. This difference is called the time dilation gradient.
Objects seek slower time. I explain how this works in several of my posts and in my book Gravitational Impetus: A Theory of the Mechanism of Gravity (Kindle Bookstore, 2014). I’ll describe it briefly again. I developed this theory back in 1978. I had spent years thinking about the problem of why objects fall in a gravitational field. The explanation that gravity warped spacetime, didn’t mean much. The statement that objects followed geodesic lines left out what caused them to begin moving along these lines. The saying that “matter tells spacetime how to bend; spacetime tells matter how to move,” which physicist John Wheeler repeated in a book he wrote almost as a mantra, doesn’t describe how gravity works any more than saying, “God makes things fall.”
Back in 1978, it occurred to me that what Einstein said about gravity slowing time could be turned around. Maybe, I thought, it is the time dilation gradient that IS gravity. How could that work on matter to make it descend?
I made some assumptions. Since a particle of matter (or it could be waves of matter) aren’t in a defined position until acted upon by another particle of matter, I pictured an atom as a virtual particle that makes quantum jumps trillions of trillions of trillions of times per second. If you took a snapshot of this over, say, a billionth of a second, you would see a cloud of virtual particles in the form of a sphere, densest at the center — the most likely position of the particle — and thinning outward from the center.
The reason I pictured the particle in this fashion was that the time gradient had to act on something that had a finite dimension in the vertical direction of the gradient.
Another assumption I made was that when a virtual particle appeared, wherever that may be, it had a rest time before making a quantum jump to another location. If it landed in the upper portion of the virtual particle cloud, it had a short rest time because a tiny clock there would be running faster. If it landed in the lower portion of the cloud, it had a longer rest time because a tiny clock there would be running slower.
I assumed that the time dilation gradient existed down to below the level of an atom. It had been proven to exist to below the micron level — billionth of a meter.
Now, the virtual particle had an equal chance of landing at any position. But if it landed lower, it hung out longer giving it a higher probability of determining the particle’s position by interacting with another particle. In this case, the particle would have descended. If the virtual particle landed higher, it had a shorter rest time. It hung out there for less time, giving the particle a lower probability of determining the particle’s position by interacting with another particle.
Over time, and on average, the virtual particle would continue to stay longer lower than it does higher. So, the particle would, on average, descend in the time dilation gradient/gravitational field.
This, then is the explanation of gravity. No force was involved at all. It was simply a matter of probabilities and rest times in the time dilation gradient.
So, the only forces your book is subjected to are the electromagnetic forces of the table interacting with those of the book. An additional force would have to be countered by some other force; but there is no other force, nor any need for one.