Question

(a) Explain the following disorders with respect to the human excretory
system.
(i) Uremia
(ii) Renal calculi
(b) What is hemodialysis? Describe the process in detail.​

Answer 1

Answer:

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a (i) This condition is characterized by the increase in the blood urea levels. This occurs because the kidneys are unable to eliminate urea which leads to its accumulation and increased levels in the blood. Dialysis is a treatment modality for correcting this condition while correcting the cause that led to uremia.

(ii) Renal calculi are a common cause of blood in the urine (hematuria) and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. They occur in one in 11 people at some time in their lifetimes with men affected 2 to 1 over women.

b In hemodialysis, blood is removed from the body and filtered through a man-made membrane called a dialyzer, or artificial kidney, and then the filtered blood is returned to the body. The average person has about 10 to 12 pints of blood; during dialysis only one pint (about two cups) is outside of the body at a time.

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