Question

A Gnutella topology looks like a balanced
ternary tree with 5 levels of nodes, i.e.,
peers. Thus, there is 1 root at Level 1, which
has 3 children at Level 2, which each have 3
children at Level 3, which in turn each have 3
children at Level 4, which in turn each have 3
children at Level 5 - thus, there are a total of
121 nodes.
If the root node (Level 1) sends a Query
message with TTL=3, then what are the
number of nodes receiving the Query
message, not including the originating node?
Enter your answer as a numeric value in the
text box below. (1 point)​

Answer 1

Answer:

A Gnutella topology looks like a balanced ternary tree with 4 levels of nodes, i.e., peers, as shown in the picture below. Thus, there is one root at Level 1, which has 3 children at Level 2, which each have 3 children at Level 3, which in turn each have 3 children at Level 4 – thus, there are a total of 40 nodes.

Answer 2

Answer:

The correct answer is 39 nodes.

That is, 39 nodes will in total receive the query message excluding the originating node.

Explanation:

All nodes :

Level 5 3x3x3x3

Level 4 +3x3x3

Level 3 +3x3

Level 2 +3

Level 1+1=27x4+12+1=121

Nodes up to level 4: 3+3x3+3x3x3=39

Therefore 39 nodes in total will receive query message.

• In reality, Gnutella topology is a power-law graph. The quantity of degree-holding nodes complies.
• The principle of "rich grows richer"—in which popular online pages attract more peers—appears to be the main factor.
• Peers like connecting to nodes with strong connections. A peer-to-peer (P2P) network's distributed nodes communicate via the Gnutella file sharing protocol.
• Gnutella, which is frequently used to distribute music files like Napster, has raised significant concerns within the music publishing sector.
• Gnutella, unlike Napster, is not a website; rather, it is a decentralised network where users can view the files of a select few other Gnutella network members, and those members, in turn, can view the files of other network members, creating a sort of daisy-chain effect.
• The user's computer joins the GnutellaNet network after installing and executing Gnutella, acting as both a client and a server.

• The Gnutella protocol is still being worked on. It continues to be one of the most successful file-sharing protocols to date despite attempts to make a clean break with the complexity inherited from the old Gnutella 0.4 and to develop a brand new message architecture.

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