A huge loss of life resulted from the introduction of Old World diseases into the Americas in the early sixteenth century. The inhabitants of the Americas were separated from Asia, Africa, and Europe by rising oceans following the Ice Ages, and, as a result, they were isolated by means of this watery barrier from numerous virulent epidemic diseases that had developed across the ocean, such as measles, smallpox, pneumonia, and malaria. 8 Pre-Columbian Americans had a relatively disease-free environment but also lacked the antibodies needed to protect them from bacteria and viruses brought to America by European explorers and colonists. A devastating outbreak of disease that strikes for the first time against a completely unprotected population is known as a virgin soil epidemic. 13 Virgin soil epidemics contributed to an unbelievable decline in the population of native inhabitants of the Americas, one that has been estimated as an 80 percent decrease of the native population in the centuries following the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. The word “they” (l. 4) refers to ………. the inhabitants (B) epidemic diseases (C) rising oceans (D) the Ice Age The word “that” (l. 5) refers to ………. (A) this watery barrier (B) a disease-free environment (C) the ocean (D) virulent epidemic diseases The word “them” (l. 9) refers to ………. (A) the antibodies (B) pre-Columbian Americans (C) bacteria and viruses (D) European explorers and colonists 4. The word “that” (1.11) refers to …………. (A) epidemic diseases (B) Environment (C) antibodies (D) unprotected population. The word “one” (l. 14) refers to ………. a virgin soil epidemic (B) the population of native inhabitants (C) an unbelievable decline (D) the arrival of Europeans.
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A pronoun (I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun. In the sentence Joe saw Jill, and he waved at her, the pronouns he and her take the place of Joe and Jill, respectively.
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