Question

A multiclular organisms that shows the development of tiny individuals on one side of mother's body is

Answer 1

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Answer 2

The origin of multicellular organisms is studied by considering a cell system that satisfies minimal conditions, that is, a system of interacting cells with intracellular biochemical dynamics, and potentiality in reproduction. Three basic features in multicellular organisms—cellular diversification, robust developmental process, and emergence of germ‐line cells—are found to be general properties of such a system. Irrespective of the details of the model, such features appear when there are complex oscillatory dynamics of intracellular chemical concentrations. Cells differentiate from totipotent stem cells into other cell types due to instability in the intracellular dynamics with cell–cell interactions, as explained by our isologous diversification theory (Furusawa and Kaneko, 1998a; Kaneko and Yomo, 1997). This developmental process is shown to be stable with respect to perturbations, such as molecular fluctuations and removal of some cells. By further imposing an adequate cell‐type‐dependent adhesion force, some cells are released, from which the next generation cell colony is formed, and a multicellular organism life‐cycle emerges without any finely tuned mechanisms. This recursive production of multicellular units is stabilized if released cells are few in number, implying the separation of germ cell lines. Furthermore, such an organism with a variety of cellular states and robust development is found to maintain a larger growth speed as an ensemble by achieving a cooperative use of resources, compared to simple cells without differentiation. Our results suggest that the emergence of multicellular organisms is not a “difficult problem” in evolution, but rather is a natural consequence of a cell colony that can grow continuously. Anat Rec 268:327–342, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.