‘A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice and devotion. A heroic past,
great men, glory, that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea. To have common
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glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together,
to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people. A nation is
therefore a large-scale solidarity.... Its existence is a daily plebiscite.... A province is its
inhabitants: if anyone has the right to be consulted, it is the inhabitant. A nation never has any
real interest in annexing or holding on toa country against its will. The existence is a guarantee of
liberty, which would be lost if the world has only one law and only one master.’
(i) From whose speech have these words been quoted? 1
(ii) What is Plebiscite? 1
(iii) Explain the concept of ‘nation’ as given in the above passage. 1
Answers
1) Rosseau
nation is a soul, a spiritual principle. Two things, which in truth are but one, constitute this soul or spiritual principle. One lies in the past, one in the present. One is the possession in common of a rich legacy of memories; the other is present- day consent, the desire to live together, the will to perpetuate the value of the heritage that one has received in an undivided form. Man, Gentlemen, does not improvise. The nation, like the individual, is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice, and devotion. Of all cults, that of the ancestors is the most legitimate, for the ancestors have made us what we are. A heroic past, great men, glory (by which I understand genuine glory), this is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea. To have common glories in the past and to have a common will in the present; to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more-these are the essential conditions for being a people. One loves in proportion to the sacrifices to which one has consented, and in proportion to the ills that one has suffered. One loves the house that one has built and that one has handed down. The Spartan song-"We are what you were; we will be what you are" -- is, in its simplicity, the abridged hymn of every patrie.
2) More valuable by far than common customs posts and frontiers conforming to strategic ideas is the fact of sharing, in the past, a glorious heritage and regrets, and of having, in the future, [a shared] programme to put into effect, or the fact of having suffered, enjoyed, and hoped together. These are the kinds of things that can be understood in spite of differences of race and language. I spoke just now of "having suffered together" and, indeed, suffering in common unifies more than joy does. Where national memories are concerned, griefs are of more value than triumphs, for they impose duties, and require a common effort . Plebisicte is a important desicion taken by the people and government
A nation is therefore a large-scale solidarity, constituted by the feeling of the sacrifices that one has made in the past and of those that one is prepared to make in the future. It presupposes a past; it is summarized, however, in the present by a tangible fact, namely, consent, the clearly expressed desire to continue a common life. A nation's existence is, if you will pardon the metaphor, a daily plebiscite, just as an individual's existence is a perpetual affirmation of life. That, I know full well, is less metaphysical than divine right and less brutal than so called historical right. According to the ideas that I am outlining to you, a nation has no more right than a king does to say to a province: "You belong to me, I am seizing you." A province, as far as I am concerned, is its inhabitants; if anyone has the right to be consulted in such an affair, it is the inbabitant. A nation never has any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its will. The wish of nations is, all in all, the sole legitimate criterion, the one to which one must always return.
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Answer:
From Rosseau, this excerpt has been quoted.
Explanation:
St. Nilus of Rossano, also known as Saint Nilus the Younger, was an Italian abbot and promoter of Greek monasticism who founded a number of monastic communities in the region of Calabria after St. Basil of Caesarea's rule over the Greeks (born c. 905 in Rossano, Calabria, Kingdom of Naples [Italy]—died December 29, 1005 in Abbey of Santa Agata, close to Rome; feast day September 26 He helped found the renowned abbey of Grottaferrata, close to Rome, which continues to be the hub of Greek monasticism and liturgy in Italy (1004) and was a defender of the legitimate successors to the papal throne in their disputes with antipopes.
Plebisctic - plebiscite, a vote by the populace of a whole nation or territory to decide on a matter, such as a ruler or government, the possibility of independence or annexation by another power, or a matter of national policy. Voters in a plebiscite are asked to affirm or reject the validity of a particular type of government or course of action rather than to choose between other regimes or propositions. Plebiscites are viewed as a mechanism for a government to communicate with the public directly, cutting out middlemen like political parties. The plebiscite was well-liked in France following the Revolution of 1789 because it was regarded as a manifestation of popular sovereignty. A vote made Napoleon the emperor in 1804.
Nation- A nation is a group of people united by a variety of shared characteristics, including language, history, ethnicity, culture, and/or geography.
Thus, a nation is the collective identity of a people group that is thought to be characterized by those characteristics.
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