Question

A note on 'Second International' from chapter 2 Russian Revolution. Class 9 in long. will mark u brainliest.....

Answer 1

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
 Liberals, Radicals and Conservatives
 Liberals
 Wanted secularism, safeguarding the rights of individuals against governments
and opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
 Argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government.
 Wanted interpretation of the laws by a well trained judiciary that was
independent of rulers and officials.
 Did not believe in universal adult franchise and wanted the right to vote for only
the men of property.
 Did not support the granting of voting rights to women.
 Radicals
 Supported women’s suffrage movements.
 Opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.
 Disliked the concentration of power in the hands of few but were not against the
existence of private property.
 Conservatives
 Wanted some changes that were inevitable.
 Believed that the past had to be respected.
 Industrial Society and Social Change
 Industrialisation brought men, women and children to factories.
 Working hours increased and the wages decreased.
 Unemployment was rampant.
 No proper housing or sanitation existed.
 The liberals and the radicals encouraged trade and believed in individual effort and
labour enterprise.
 Some nationalist, liberals and radicals wanted revolutions for removing the
governments established in Europe in 1815.
 The Coming of Socialism to Europe
Socialism was well known by the mid 19th century in Europe.
 Socialists opposed private property.
 Believed that if a society as a whole controlled property, more attention would be paid
to collective social interests.
 Some socialists like Robert Owen believed in the idea of cooperatives.
 Others like Louis Blanc felt that cooperatives could be built only if the governments
encouraged them.
 Cooperatives were associations of people who produced goods together and divided the
profits equally.
 Karl Marx argued that an industrial society was capitalist which exploited the workers
and kept the profits for themselves. He believed that the workers had to construct a
radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled.
 Support for Socialism
 Socialists formed an international body, namely the ‘Second International’.
 They set up funds for helping members in times of distress and demanded a reduction of
working hours and the right to vote.
 In Germany these associations worked with the Socialist Democratic Party and helped it
in winning the parliamentary elections.
 1905: Socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour party in Britain and a
Socialist Party in France.
 Socialism however could not precede the influence of the radicals, liberals and
conservatives.
 The Russian Empire in 1914
 1914: Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia.
 The Russian empire included current day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, parts of
Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Central Asian states, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and the
territory outside Moscow.
 The majority religion was Russian Orthodox Christianity.
 Economy and Society
 About 85% of the Russian population practiced agriculture.
 Cultivators produced for both, market and their own needs.
 Industries were few in number. St Petersburg and Moscow were the prominent
industrial areas.
 1890s: Many factories were set up when the Russian railway network was
extended.