Question

A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the
increasing trend towards ‘directed’ or ‘programmed’ research, i.e., research
whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government
organizations rather than researchers themselves. Any scientist working for
such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so
in accordance with a plan or programme designed beforehand. At the beginning of
the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there
were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense—the laboratory
unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two
technicians, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms.
Nevertheless, the scientist was free to choose any subject for investigation
he/she liked, since there was no predetermined programme to which he/she had to
confirm. As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of
the problems to be solved and the growing interconnection of different
disciplines made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to
deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques, and equipment that were
required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently. The increasing
scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop
new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research
groups or teams using highly complicated equipment in elaborately designed
laboratories. Owing to the large sums of money involved, it was then felt
essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels
with clearly defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the
quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was
programmed research. One of the effects of this organized and standardized
investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in
applied research, especially in the branches of science which are likely to
have industrial applications. Since private industry and even government
departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively
little interest in long-range investigations, there is a steady shift of
scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs
available, frequently more highly paid and with better technical facilities
than jobs connected with pure research in a university. Owing to the
interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this
system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science—and
not only pure science, but applied science as well.

Answer 1

Answer:

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