a) Respiration
(b) Photosynthesis
(c) Protein synthesis (d) ta
Answer these questions:
11. What are the parts of the nucleus?
12. Differentiate between cytoplasm, protoplasm and nucleoplasm.
13. What are the differences between plasmolysis and deplasmolysis?
14. What are the differences between smooth ER and rough ER?
15. What is cell theory? What are its main postulates?
16. What are the functions of Golgi complex?
17. Give examples of plastids
18. How does amoeba obtain its food?
Why plant cells have a central vacuole?
20. What is meant by suicidal bags of cell and how are formed inside
Answers
Answer:
A) Respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
B) Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities.
C) Protein synthesis is a complex process that begins with adequate supplies of amino acids to charge the transfer RNA molecules that deliver them to the protein synthetic apparatus.
D) ta = ???????
11 - The nucleus consists of the following main parts: (1) Nucleolemma or nuclear membrane (karyotheca) (2) Nuclear sap or karyolymph or nucleoplasm (3) Chromatin network or fibres (4) Nucleolus (5) Endosomes.
12 - The term protoplast is used to refer collectively to the plasma membrane and the protoplasm.
Protoplasm refers to the living contents of cell and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus.
Cytoplasm refer to the matrix present outside the nucleus in which all the cell organelles are found embedded.
The nucleoplasm refer to the matrix present inside the nucleus only.
13 - Deplasmolysis is the entry of water into a plasmolysed cell bringing back cell membrane and other organelles to normal condition.
Plasmolysis is the result of movement of water particles out of the cell and shrinking of the cell membrane away from the cell wall when placed in a hypertonic solution.
14 -
Comparison Chart
BASIS FOR COMPARISON SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Meaning :
Smooth ER appears like containing many circular marks which are the interlocking tubular sheets and they may be varied in look and function as well.
Rough ER looks like the arrangement of the double membranes which are spotted with the ribosomes all over. They appear consisting of the parallel sheets of membrane.
Found near :
Smooth ER is found near the cell membrane.
Rough ER is found near the cytoplasm.
Originates from :
Rough endoplasmic reticulum by giving off the ribosomes.
Smooth ER From nuclear membrane.
Ribosomes :
Rough ER do not have ribosomes.
Smooth ER have ribosomes.
Composed of :
RER - Tubules.
SER - Cisternae.
It mainly produces :
RER - Lipids and Proteins.
SER - Proteins.
15 -
Definition of cell theory. : a theory in biology that includes one or both of the statements that the cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living matter and that the organism is composed of autonomous cells with its properties being the sum of those of its cells.
The postulates of the modern cell theory are as follows:
a) Cell is the basic functional & structural unit of life(all living organisms).
b) All living organisms are composed of cells & the products of cells.
c) All cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells.
16 - Functions of Golgi Apparatus are as follows :
a) The job of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macro -molecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.
b) The Golgi apparatus is sometimes compared to a post office inside the cell since one major function is to modify, sort, and package proteins to be secreted.
17 - Examples of Plastids are: Chloroplasts, Photosynthesis, Chromoplast, Leucoplasts.....
18 - Amoeba obtains its food by the process of endocytosis. It engulfs the food particle with the help of pseudopodia and then forms a vacuole around it. When the particle is completely trapped the amoeba secretes digestive enzymes that digests the food. thus the amoeba obtains it's food.
19 - Plant cells do not shrink because of changes in the amount of cytoplasm. Most of a plant cell's volume depends on the material in vacuoles. It still maintains its basic structure because of the cell walls. When the plant finds a new source of water, the vacuoles are refilled and the plant regains its structure.
20 - Lysosomes are the cellular organelles that contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, foreign materials and foreign particles that entered cell. It helps the cell to process its nutrients and is responsible for destroying the cell after it has died. It is bounded by only one single membrane.
Lysosomes are formed from the fusion of vesicles from the Golgi complex with endosomes. Endosomes are vesicles that are formed by endocytosis as a section of the plasma membrane pinches off and is internalized by the cell. In this process, extracellular material is taken up by the cell.
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