A Revolution that lasted 10 years
The French Revolution lasted from 1789 to 1799. It began on July 14, 1789 when revolutionaries stormed a prison called the Bastille. The revolution came to an end 1799 when the famous General, Napoleon overthrew the revolutionary government and established the French Consulate and he became its leader.
The Three Estates
Prior to the revolution, the people of France were divided into social groups called "Estates." The First Estate included the clergy (church leaders), the Second Estate included the nobles, and the Third Estate included the commoners. Most of the people were members of the Third Estate. Sadly, it was the Third Estate which paid most of the taxes, while the nobility lived lives of luxury and got all the high-ranking jobs. This was totally unjust.
The formation of The Directory
Representatives from the Third Estate established the National Assembly where they demanded that King Louis XVI give them certain rights. This group soon took control of the country. They changed names over time to the Legislative Assembly and, later, to the National Convention. After the Reign of Terror, a new government was formed called the Directory. The Directory ruled until Napoleon took control.
Reign of Terror
The darkest period of the French Revolution is called the Reign of Terror which lasted from 1793 to 1794. During this time, a man named Robespierre led the National Convention and the Committee of Public Safety. He wanted to stamp out any opposition to the revolution, so he called for a rule of "Terror." Laws were passed that said anyone suspected of treason could be arrested and executed by guillotine. Thousands of people were executed including Queen Marie Antoinette and many of Robespierre's political rivals.
Political Clubs
Many of the new political ideas and alliances of the French Revolution were formed in political clubs. These clubs included the powerful Jacobin Club (led by Robespierre), the Cordeliers, the Feuillants Club, and the Pantheon Club.
Outcome
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” was the motto of the French Revolution: it completely changed the social and political structure of France. It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political power from the Catholic church. It initiated the decline of monarchy and the trend towards establishment of democracies. It brought new ideas to Europe including liberty and freedom for the commoner as well as the abolishment of slavery and the rights of women. Although the revolution ended with the rise of Napoleon, the ideas and reforms did not die. These new ideas continued to influence Europe and helped to shape many of Europe's modern-day governments.
A. The discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of the King was the cause for French Revolution. Nobilities lived a life of luxury and common people lived in poverty. Make three comparative statements about life of luxury and a life of poverty and complete the following table.
B. In France, at the time of the Revolution, there were “three estates”.
Based on this terminology, there is a “fourth estate” in modern society. Find out what is the “fourth estate” and write a few lines about it.
C. Why was one period called as ‘Reign of Terror’?
D. What do you know about slavery? Was it restricted only to France? What role did Abraham Lincoln play in the topic of slavery?
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