Question

(a) Show the formation of Na2O by the transfer of electrons between the combining atoms.
(b) Why are ionic compounds usually hard?
(c) How is it that ionic compounds in the sold state do not conduct electricity but they do so when in molten state?
(d) What type of chemical bonds are present in CCl4?
​(e) What type of chemical bonds are present in MgCl2?

Answer 1

Answer:ionic bonds are strong that is why ionic compounds are hard

Explanation:

Answer 2

Ionic compounds have Strong Electrostatic Forces

Explanation:

• a.) A sodium atom (2,8,1) loses one electron to form a sodium cation. But an oxygen atom (2,6) becomes an oxide ion $O^2^-$ when it accepts 2 electrons. Thus it two sodium atoms to lose one electron each. In this case, a double negative charge of oxide ion is balanced exactly by two single positively charged sodium cations. Hence, there are two cations ($Na^+$) to each oxygen anion ($O^2^-$) and the ratio of sodium ions to oxide ions is 2:1.  

Please see the figure attached.

• b.) Ionic compounds are relatively hard because these are present as aggregates of several positive and negative ions combined together by strong electrostatic forces.

• c.) The conduction of electricity through a solution involves the movement of charged particles. A solution of an ionic compound is molten state contain ions thus conduct electricity, but in the solid movement of ion is not possible due to their rigid structure.

• d.) In $CCL_4$ there are 4 CL atoms bonded covalently with the hybridization $SP^3$

It has a Tetrahedral shape as Geometrical Structure.

• e.) $MgCl_2$ is Ionic Compound, there are Mg loses 2 electrons (2,8,2) and Cl has a valency of - 1 (2,8,7), hence forming $MgCl_2$