A slurry is a mixture of a finely divided solid with a liquid in which it is only sparingly soluble. As you prepare a reaction, you noticed that one of your reactants formed a slurry with the solvent, rather than a solution. What effect will this have on the reaction rate? What steps can you take to try to solve the problem?
Answers
Explanation:
describes the quantitative relationships between the amounts of reactants present and the amounts of products that can be formed, it gives us no information about whether or how fast a given reaction will occur. This information is obtained by studying the chemical kinetics of a reaction, which depend on various factors: reactant concentrations, temperature, physical states and surface areas of reactants, and solvent and catalyst properties if either are present. By studying the kinetics of a reaction, chemists gain insights into how to control reaction conditions to achieve a desired outcome.
Concentration Effects
Two substances cannot possibly react with each other unless their constituent particles (molecules, atoms, or ions) come into contact. If there is no contact, the reaction rate will be zero. Conversely, the more reactant particles that collide per unit time, the more often a reaction between them can occur. Consequently, the reaction rate usually increases as the concentration of the reactants increases. One example of this effect is the reaction of sucrose (table sugar) with sulfuric acid, which is shown in Figure 14.1 "The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates".
Figure 14.1 The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates
Mixing sucrose with dilute sulfuric acid in a beaker (a, right) produces a simple solution. Mixing the same amount of sucrose with concentrated sulfuric acid (a, left) results in a dramatic reaction (b) that eventually produces a column of black porous graphite (c) and an intense smell of burning sugar.
Temperature Effects
You learned in Chapter 10 "Gases" that increasing the temperature of a system increases the average kinetic energy of its constituent particles. As the average kinetic energy increases, the particles move faster, so they collide more frequently per unit time and possess greater energy when they collide. Both of these factors increase the reaction rate. Hence the reaction rate of virtually all reactions increases with increasing temperature. Conversely, the reaction rate of virtually all reactions decreases with decreasing temperature. For example, refrigeration retards the rate of growth of bacteria in foods by decreasing the reaction rates of biochemical reactions that enable bacteria to reproduce. Figure 14.2 "The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates" shows how temperature affects the light emitted by two chemiluminescent light sticks.
A balanced chemical equation for a reaction describes the quantitative relationships between the amounts of chemicals gifted and also the amounts of product which will be formed,
- it offers the US no info regarding whether or not or how briskly a given reaction will occur.
- This information is obtained by learning the chemical mechanics of a reaction, that relies on
- numerous factors: reactant concentrations, temperature, physical states and surface areas of reactants, and solvent and catalyst properties if either is present.
- By studying the kinetics of a reaction, chemists gain insights into the way to manage reaction conditions to realize the desired outcome
Concentration Effects
two substances will not presumably react with one another unless their constituent particles (molecules, atoms, or ions) inherit contact.
- If there's no contact, the reaction rate is zero. Conversely, the additional the chemical particles that collide per unit of time, the more typically a reaction between them can occur.
- Consequently, the reaction rate sometimes will increase because the concentration of the reactants increases
Temperature Effects
increasing the temperature of a system increases the typical mechanical energy of its constituent particles.
- because the average kinetic energy increases, the particles move faster, so that they collide additional oft per unit of time and possess larger energy after they collide.
- each of those factors increases the reaction rate. thence the reaction rate of nearly all reactions will increase with increasing temperature.
section and area Effects
once 2 reactants are within the same fluid phase, their particles collide more frequently than when one or both reactants are solids (or when they are in several fluids that don't mix).
- If the reactants are uniformly spread during a single homogenized solution, then the quantity of collisions per unit time depends on concentration and temperature, as we've simply seen.
- If the reaction is heterogeneous, however, the reactants are in 2 completely different phases, and collisions between the reactants can occur solely at interfaces between phases.
Solvent Effects
the character of the solvent may also affect the reaction rates of substance particles.
For example,
an atomic number 11 acetate resolution reacts with methyl radical halide in an exchange reaction to allow methyl acetate and sodium iodide.
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