a small number of studies have investigated expression and activity of adipokines in cells from the hypothalamus and the pituitary.
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It is well known that adipose tissue can influence puberty, sexual maturation, and fertility in different species. Adipose tissue secretes molecules called adipokines which most likely have an endocrine effect on reproductive function. It has been revealed over the last few years that adipokines are functionally implicated at all levels of the reproductive axis including the gonad and hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Many studies have shown the presence and the role of the adipokines and their receptors in the female reproductive tract of different species. These adipokines regulate ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and embryo development. They are also present in the uterus and placenta where they could create a favorable environment for embryonic implantation and play a key role in maternal-fetal metabolism communication and gestation. Reproductive functions are strongly dependent on energy balance, and thereby metabolic abnormalities can lead to the development of some pathophysiologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipokines could be a link between reproduction and energy metabolism and could partly explain some infertility related to obesity or PCOS.
1. Introduction
It is now recognized that the white adipose tissue is a multifunctional organ. In addition to its key role of lipid storage, it has a crucial endocrine function secreting many hormones called adipokines [1]. These molecules are cytokines produced in the main by adipocytes or adipose stromal cells. Adipokines are implicated in adipocyte differentiation, energy metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, immunity, cancer, and angiogenesis [2–5]. It is well known that an excess or deficiency of white adipose tissue affects puberty, sexual maturation, and fertility in different species [6]. Furthermore, variations of white adipose tissue quantities modulate the expression level and serum concentrations of adipokines.
Obesity and excess weight are significantly involved in the decline in the natural fertility of mammals. New roles of adipokines have recently emerged in the field of fertility and reproduction [7]. Indeed, adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are able to regulate the functions of gonads and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis [8, 9]. Furthermore, the reproductive tract is tightly coupled with energy balance, and thereby metabolic abnormalities can lead to the development of some pathophysiologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) [10]. PCOS is the commonest endocrine disorder in women, affecting 5–10% of females of reproductive age. In this review, we focus on the localization and the role of some adipokines (in particular, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, and chemerin) and their receptors on the female reproductive tract including ovary, placenta, and uterus. Finally, we will discuss their potential as actors involved in PCOS.
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