a summary for the lesson "people as resource " in economic for class 9 plz becoz tomorrow there is a test for me plz plz
Answers
Answer:
Population of a nation can be its asset rather than liability.
‘People as resource’ refers to a country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.
When existing human resource is developed by becoming educated and healthy it turns into human capital.
Human capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital, as it uses these capitals and adds value to them.
Investment in human capital via education and medical care can give high returns in the future. Country like Japan have invested a lot in human resources. They do not have rich natural resources, but still they are called developed nations.
Human beings perform many activities which can be grouped into economic and non-economic.
Economic Activities: Economic activities refer to those activities of man which are undertaken for a monetary gain or to satisfy his/her wants. The activities of workers, farmers, shopkeepers, manufacturers, doctors, lawyers, taxi drivers, etc. fall under this category.
Market Activities and Non-Market Activities
Economic activities are also called as market activities.
Non-market activities are production for self-consumption.
Non-Economic Activities: Non-economic activities are ones that are not undertaken for any monetary gain. These are also called unpaid activities, e.g.., Puja-paath, housekeeping, helping the poor or disabled, etc.
Classification of Economic Activities. Various economic activities can be classified into
three main sectors, that is primary sector, secondary sector, and tertiary sector. The primary sector includes activities like agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry, farming and mining. In this sector, goods are produced by exploiting nature. In the secondary sector, manufacturing (small and large) and construction activities are included. The tertiary sector (also called service sector) provides various types of services like transport, education, banking, insurance, health, tourism, etc.
In India traditionally there is division of labour between men and women.
Activities of Women. Women generally look after domestic affairs like cooking of food, washing of clothes, cleaning of utensils, housekeeping and looking after children
Human Capital: Human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in human beings. Population (human beings) become human capital when it is provided with better education, training and health care facilities
Quality of Population.
The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, life expectancy and skills formation acquired by the people of the country.
Role of Education:
Education is the most important component of human resource development. It contributes towards the growth of the society, enhances the national income, cultural richness and increases efficiency of governance.
In view of its contribution towards the growth of the society, government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP rose from 0.64% in 1951-52 to 3.98% in 2002-03. However, our national goal is 6% of GDP.
Literacy is uneven between males and females. Males are more literate. It also varies with urban and rural area. Urban population is more literate compared to rural.
There were 7.68 lakh schools by 2004-05. But education is diluted by the poor quality of schooling and high drop out rates.
‘Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan’ is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children below the age of 14.
Health:
Health is another very important component of human resource development. Efficiency of workers largely depends on their health.
There has been considerable improvement in the country’s health standard. For instance, the life expectancy at the time of birth in India rose from 37.2 years in 1951 to 63.9 years in 2001. Similarly, infant mortality rate has come down from 147 to 47 by 2010.
Infant mortality rate is the death of the child under one year of age.
India has built up a vast health infrastructure but still much more is needed to be done.
Unemployment: Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the prevailing wage rates cannot find jobs. When we talk of unemployed people, we refer to those in the age group of 15-59 years. Children below 15 years of age and the old people above 60 are not considered while counting the number of unemployed.
Explanation:
People as Resource is a way of referring to a country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Like other resources, the population is also considered as human resource. When the existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, it is called human capital formation. Investment in human capital (through education, training, medical care) yields a return just like investment in physical capital.
Human capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital. Total productivity adds to the growth of the economy. Investment in human resource (via education and medical care) can give high rates of return in future. Countries, like Japan, have invested in human resources.
Economic Activities by Men and Women
The activities in Economics are divided into three sectors i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying. Secondary sector includes manufacturing. Tertiary sector includes trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance, etc. These activities are termed as economic activities. Economic activities have two parts — market activities and non-market activities. Market activities involve remuneration to anyone who performs i.e., activity performed for pay or profit. These include production of goods or services, including government service. Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption. These can be consumption and processing of primary product and own-account production of fixed assets.
There was a division of labour between men and women. Men were paid for their services but to the contrary women were not paid for their services. Education played an important role for individuals to make better use of economic opportunities. Most women used to work in places where there was no job security. In this sector, employment was characterised by irregular and low income. Basic facilities were missing like maternity leave, childcare and other social security systems. However, women with high education and skill formation were paid highly.
Quality of Population
The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country. It ultimately decides the growth rate of the country and a literate and healthy population were an asset.
Education
Education contributes to the growth of society and enhances the national income, cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance. Literacy is needed for citizens to perform their duties and enjoy their rights properly. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, which was introduced in the year 2010 provides elementary education to all children in the age group of 6–14 years. To encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status, a mid-day meal scheme was introduced. The 12th plan focused on increasing access, quality, adoption of state-specific curriculum modification, vocationalisation and networking on the use of information technology, distance education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distance and IT education institutions.
Health
Improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of the country. The National Policy, too, aimed at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and nutritional service, especially for the underprivileged segment of the population. India over the last five decades has developed its manpower required at primary, secondary and tertiary sector.
Unemployment
In India, we have unemployment in rural and urban areas, though the nature of unemployment differs in rural and urban areas. In rural areas, unemployment was seasonal and disguised. In urban areas, unemployment was educated unemployment. Seasonal unemployment occurred when people were not able to find jobs during a few particular months of the year. In disguised unemployment people appeared to be employed. Educated unemployment became a common phenomenon in urban areas. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource, tends to increase economic overload, has a detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy. In India, statistically, the unemployment rate is low.
In the primary sector, employment structure is characterised by self-employment. Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. But, in recent years, there has been a decline in the dependence of population on agriculture. Some of the surplus-labour in agriculture has moved to either the secondary or the tertiary sector. In the secondary sector, small scale manufacturing was the most labour absorbing. In case of the tertiary sector, various new services are now appearing like Biotechnology, Information Technology and so on.