Question

a trading town in pastoral zone
history class 11 chapter 2 impportant notes
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Answer 1

A Trading Town in Pastoral Zone:

• Capital of Marifloris after 2000 BC moves far ahead in the Euphrates, and there is no high productive agriculture in the southern plains. Here, agriculture and animal husbandry have brought this area closer to each other.

• The main destination for trade - timber, copper, tin, oil, wine and many other goods carried on boats along the Euphrates - is an example of a rich and prosperous urban centre between southern and mineral-rich Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.

• Instead of grain, metal tools, etc., young animals need to be exchanged for cheese, leather and meat, and a penfluff fertilizer is also very useful to a farmer. However, at the same time, there may be differences between regions.

• Stone, timber and wine and oil-jar grinding boats stop at Mari on the way to the southern cities. City officials boarded the rider, inspected the cargo (a single riverboat containing 300 wine-jars), and recovered one-tenth of the value of the cargo before allowing the boat to sail down.

• Barley came in special grain boats. Most importantly, the tablets represent copper from the island of Cyprus ‘Asia’ which is famous for copper and tin is also a commodity.

• Since bronze is the main industrial material for tools and weapons, this trade is of great importance, it was exceptionally prosperous.

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Answer 2

Mari (the capital) was known for its highly productivity agriculture

Explanation:

• In this area, farming & animal rearing took place nearby. In the Kingdom of Mari some groups had farmers & pastoralists, however they were used for sheep & goats most of his land. In return for food, metal tools & so on, Herders  traded young animals, meat, leather & cheese, and manure of a penned flock was also of good use to a farmers. However, conflict could occur at the same time. A shepherd is able to lead his flock to the ruin of a crop through water across a sown field.
• Mobile Herdsmen may raid and seize their stored goods in the agricultural villages. Settled communities may, for their part, refuse pastoralists access to water along a certain number of paths. The nomadic cultures of the West Plains have passed through the Mesopotamian history into the thriving agricultural centre. During the summer, shepherds brought their flocks into the "sown area". Such groups will come in as farmers, harvest workers or soldiers who were employed, often becoming successful and settled. Some acquired the power to govern themselves. The Acadians, Amorites, Assyrians and Aramaeans were amongst them.
• The kings of Mari were Amorites whose robe differed from that of the original people & not only revered the gods of Mesopotamia but also bulit a temple for Dagan, the steppe god,at Mari.  Mesopotamia culture & society were therefore accessible to numerous cultures & people, & this intermix may have triggered the vitality of civilization.
• But the kings of Mari had to be careful; the herdsmen of different tribes were permitted to move through the kingdom, however were watched. In letters between the kings and officials, camps of herders are frequently mentioned. In one letter an officer wroteto the king that he saw recurrent fire signals at night – transmitted from one camp to another – and suspected an assault or a raid.
• Mari, which is situated on the Euphratia at the top of trade, between southern and mineral highlands of Turkey, Syrian and Lebanon-in wood,  tin, copper,oil, wine & various other items carried on boats along the Euphrates- Mari is a fine example of an urban centre flourishing through trade.
• On its way to the southern cities, Mari would stop boats carrying "grinding stones", "wood", & "wine &oil-jars". Officers in that city went on board, inspected the cargo (a single river boat held around 300 wine-jars) and charged the goods for approximately 1/10th before permitting the boat to go downstream. In special grain boats Barley came. Tablets apply most commonly to copper, which is popular for copper from "Alashiya" on the Island of Cyprus, and also to nickel. This company was very important as bronze was the principal manufacturing material for weapons & tools. Therefore, although Mari 's kingdom was not powerful militarily, it was extremely prosperous.

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