Question

a transparent (glass) sphere has a small opaque dot at its centre. Does apparent position of the dot appear to be the same as its actual position when observed from outside

Answer 1

The answer for your question is "there will be no change in the position of an opaque dot at the centre of a transparent glass sphere when a person observe it from the outside."

All the rays that comes out from an object that kept at the centre of a transparent sphere will be normal to the surface of the sphere. Hence the object will be observed at the same position from outside.

Answer 2

When there is solid transparent, this just undergo by sphere shape and occupies at the same point.

This denotes the changes in small opaque and thus does it as the center for aiming the outside apparent positions that delivers a dot that will be at the same point of interaction.