a water tank and tractor purchased for storing and supply of water. now this water tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock, food preparation, for washing unit as well as many other uses. and also tractor also useful for agricultural, dairy and other purposes. the cost of this tractor and tanker approximately rs. 8/- lakh.
Answers
water sources, and institutional arrangements. There is notable variation also in irrigation strategies, and in water
supplies and demands, in eastern and western regions of the United States. In western states, irrigation provides
most of the crop water requirements, while in eastern areas irrigation is largely supplemental. Water laws and
allocations were established long ago in the arid western states, while water policies are much less developed in
the humid eastern states.
Current irrigation prices in western states reflect both the historical implications of long-term contracts for
water developed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the more recent views of the U.S. Congress and several
state governments regarding the need to recover larger portions of the cost of building and operating irrigation
projects. Many farmers receive water also from privately formed irrigation companies that operate and maintain
conveyance facilities. Full supply-cost recovery is essential for such entities, and farmers have been paying those
costs for many years.
Given the variety of water rights, allocations, and contractual arrangements that characterize irrigation in the
United States, there is a wide range also in the prices paid for irrigation water. Some farmers with riparian water
rights or exchange agreements with the federal government receive water at very low cost (USD5 to USD10 per
1,000 m3
), while other farmers with less favorable contracts or those who purchase water from some state-level
irrigation agencies pay much higher prices (ranging from USD20 to more than USD100 per 1,000 m3
). Farmers
purchasing water in market transactions to finish an irrigation season or to ensure water supply for perennial crops
might pay prices that exceed USD100 per 1,000 m3
for a portion of their irrigation supply.
The cost of irrigation water has increased substantially in a large portion of the United States that relies on
groundwater from the Ogallala Aquifer. Rising energy costs and declining water levels have motivated many
farmers to improve water management, in part, by replacing surface irrigation with more costly center-pivot and
low-pressure sprinklers, and subsurface drip irrigation. A current estimate of the variable costs of irrigating in the
region, while pumping from a depth of 61 meters, is USD772 per hectare (Seo et al., 2008).
In summary, irrigation costs and prices are rising in most regions of the United States, due to a combination
of increasing scarcity, changes in public preferences regarding water allocation among competing uses, increasing
budget scrutiny in the national and state legislatures, rising energy prices, and increasing awareness of climate
change and the potential implications for rainfall and the availability of surface water resources. These issues
likely will continue encouraging public officials to utilize water pricing and other market-b