Question

(a) Write the scientific names of the source plants from where opioids and canabinoids are extracted.
(b) Write their receptor sites in the human body. How do these drugs affect the human beings?

Answer 1

Answer:

plant Cannabis sativa, better known as marijuana, has long been used for medical purpose throughout human history. The first record can be traced back to ancient China around 5000 years ago, where extracts of the plant were used for relief of cramps and pain [1]. The widely-documented uses of marijuana include anti-nociception, anti-inflammation, anticonvulsant, anti-emetic, as well as recreational use, which has largely limited its medical application [1,2]. Not until half a century ago, the first light was shed on the myth of the versatility of marijuana by the discovery of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of approximately 70 phytocannabinoids identified in the plant [3,4]. This milestone discovery led to the generation of a variety of synthetic cannabinoids with similar or distinct structures to phytocannabinoids, which finally led to the identification and successful cloning of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) [5,6,7]. Not long after that, another cannabinoid receptor (CBR) was identified and cloned, later termed as the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) [8]. Despite only CB1R and CB2R are widely-acknowledged as CBRs, several other receptors, ranging from other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to ion channel and nuclear receptors, have been reported to interact with cannabinoids [9,10]. Meanwhile, N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (AEA; anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) have been discovered to serve as endogenous agonists of CBRs, namely endocannabinoids [11,12,13]. These two compounds are the first to be identified and remain the best-studied endocannabinoids, which are both derivatives of arachidonic acid [3]. In recent years, much attention has been drawn to utilizing marijuana extracts in medicine [14]. Due to the clinical application of marijuana and the non-psychoactive nature of most phytocannabinoids except THC, the therapeutic potential of these compounds has been greatly appreciated [14]. Although this area of research is quite controversial and debatable, several phytocannabinoids, especially cannabidiol (CBD), have been suggested to exert beneficial effects in various pathological conditions, including inflammation, cancer, addiction and epilepsy [14,15,16,17

Explanation:

I am only in 9th