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radiation pressure P= intensity/ velocity of light
P= 450/(3x10^8)=15 x 10^-7.
The Sun is considered to produces a constant amount of energy. At the surface of the Sun the intensity of the solar radiation is about 6.33×107 W/m2 (note that this is a power, in watts, per unit area in meters). As the Sun’s rays spread out into space the radiation becomes less intense and by the time the rays reach the edge of the Earth’s atmosphere they are considered to be parallel.
The solar constant (ISC) is the average radiation intensity falling on an imaginary surface, perpendicular to the Sun’s rays and at the edge of the Earth’s atmosphere (figure 2.1). The word ‘constant’ is a little misleading since, because of the Earth’s elliptical orbit the intensity of the solar radiation falling on the Earth changes by about 7% between January 1st, when the Earth is nearest the Sun, and July 3rd, when the Earth is furthest from the Sun (figure 1.2). A yearly average value is thus taken and the solar constant equals 1367 W/m2. Even this value is inaccurate since the output of the sun changes by about ±0.25% due to Sun spot cycles.
The solar radiation intensity falling on a surface is called irradiance or insolation and is measured in W/m2 or kW/m2. The solar constant can be used to calculate the irradiance incident on a surface perpendicular to the Sun’s rays outside and the Earth’s atmosphere (figure 2.1) on any day of the year (i.e. as the distance between the Sun and Earth changes thought the year):
I_0=I_{SC}\left [ 1+0.034\cos \left ( 2\pi\ \dfrac {n}{265.25}\right ) \right ](2.1)
Where:
I0 = extraterrestrial (outside the atmosphere) irradiance on a plane perpendicular to the Sun’s rays (W/m2),
ISC = the solar constant (1367 W/m2),
n = the day of the year such that for January the 1st n = 1.
Answer = (4)
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