About 70 percent area of Pakistan is range area. How range areas are beneficial for the economy of a country?
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Answer:
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Explanation:
Agriculture is considered the backbone of Pakistan's economy, which relies heavily on its major crops. There are vast gaps between the acquired and actual output of produce, which suffers due to a lack of appropriate technology, use of inputs at improper times, unavailability of water and land use and inadequate education about insect pest control, which not only negatively affects the produce but also significantly reduces the amount of produce. Farmers mainly use synthetic chemicals for the control of insect pests, but these are used unwisely. To emphasize the major shortfalls and actual performance of major field crops, this study investigated the relationship between agricultural GDP and the output of major crops, including wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize and cotton, in Pakistan over a period of 65 years from 1950 to 2015. Time series data were collected from the Economic Survey of Pakistan (various publications). Crop data were analysed using the ordinary least square method and the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, and the results were interpreted using Johansen's co-integration test. Our study finds that the output of wheat, rice and cotton has a positive and significant relationship with the agricultural GDP of Pakistan, while the output of sugarcane has a negative and non-significant relationship with the agricultural GDP of Pakistan. Therefore, this study recommends that the government of Pakistan should launch new funding programmes for the development of the agricultural sector.
Agriculture is an important sector of Pakistan's economy. This sector directly supports the country's population and accounts for 26 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). The major agricultural crops include cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables. The irrigation system of Pakistan belongs to one of the world's largest systems to support agricultural production. There are two main seasons in Pakistan for production of crops: crops such as cotton, rice and sugarcane start in May and are harvested in November, whereas the wheat crop extends from November to April. A key urgent need to improve agricultural production is to use resources, mainly land and water, more efficiently. However, the change is mainly dependent on large landowners, who own 40 percent of arable land and control most of the irrigation systems, making it difficult to pass wide-ranging reforms. Pakistan is a net importer of agricultural products, with total annual imports of approximately 2 billion USD, including wheat, edible oils, pulses and food additives.
In the wheat production system, Punjab, which is Pakistan's irrigated province, has had a historical focus on a green revolution in wheat. During the 1960s, the Green Revolution in Pakistan also involved public investment in irrigation canals and market development (Renkow, 2000). The rural society and wheat production were transformed; the anticipation of starvation retreated (Hazell, 2010). Despite this applauded improvement, the sustainable production of wheat remained the primary focus of Pakistan's population. The government of Pakistan still needed improvements for the production of wheat in different varieties. Previous research on the wheat crop has shown a slow growth rate of crop variety replacement by farmers in promoting new varieties of wheat in Pakistan (Heisey, 1990, Iqbal et al., 2002). In 1997, an estimated area of one million ha was used for wheat production, which was 51 percent of the entire wheat area in Pakistan (Smale et al., 2002).
Pakistan plays a major role worldwide as a rice exporter, and it annually exports approximately 2 million tons, which is 10 percent of the world's trade. In Basmati rice, approximately 25 percent of exports is Pakistan's share. Rice exports are the second highest source of income in Pakistan. Rice grains fulfil approximately 60 percent of the population of Pakistan's food needs, and rice is a potential source of food worldwide for animals during the winter (Drake et al., 2002, Nguyen et al., 2008). Rice is an important food for Pakistan. The usage of pesticides increased after the 1950s, when 250 metric tons of pesticides were imported for greater improvement of production. Its usage increased by 2158.6 percent from 1952 to 2004 (Khan et al., 2010).
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