About direct speech and inderect speech
Answers
Answer:
Direct Speech: In direct speech, the actual words (with no change) of speaker are quoted. ... There is always a comma or a colon after “said” that introduces the spoken words. Example: He said, “I am going to School” Indirect Speech: In indirect speech, the actual words of the speaker are changed.
Indirect speech is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech. For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct speech, whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech.
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What is Direct & Indirect Speech?
Direct Speech:
the message of the speaker is conveyed or reported in his own actual words without any change.
Indirect Speech:
the message of the speaker is conveyed or reported in our own words.
Tips on Direct and Indirect Speech
Tip 1: Conversion Rules as per the Reporting Verb
When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all Present tenses of the direct are changed into the corresponding Past Tenses.
a) Direct: He said, “I am unwell.”
b) Indirect: He said (that) he was unwell.
If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future Tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not change.
a) Direct: He says/will say, “I am unwell.”
b) Indirect: He says/will say he is unwell.
The Tense in Indirect Speech is NOT CHANGED if the words within the quotation marks talk of a universal truth or habitual action.
a) Direct: They said, “We cannot live without water.”
b) Indirect: They said that we cannot live without water.
Tip 2: Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct Speech
Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
a) Direct: "I am happy", she said.
b) Indirect: She said that she was happy.
Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous
a) Direct: "I am reading a book", he explained.
b) Indirect: He explained that he was reading a book.
Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
a) Direct: She said, "He has finished his food“.
b) Indirect: She said that he had finished his food.
Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
a) Direct: "I have been to Gujarat", he told me.
b) Indirect: He told me that he had been to Gujarat.
Tip 3: Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect
a) Direct: He said, “Ira arrived on Monday."
b) Indirect: He said that Ira had arrived on Monday.
Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous
a) Direct: "We were living in Goa", they told me.
b) Indirect: They told me that they had been living in Goa.
Future Changes to Present Conditional
a) Direct: He said, "I will be in Kolkata tomorrow."
b) Indirect: He said that he would be in Kolkata the next day.
Future Continuous Changes to Conditional Continuous
a) Direct: She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday.”
b) Indirect: She said that she would be using the car next Friday.
Tip 4: Changes in Modals
CAN changes into COULD
a) Direct: He said, "I can swim."
b) Indirect: He said that he could swim.
MAY changes into MIGHT
a) Direct: He said, "I may buy a house.”
b) Indirect: He said that he might buy a house.
MUST changes into HAD TO/WOULD HAVE TO
a) Direct: He said, "I must work hard.”
b) Indirect: He said that he had to work hard.
Modals that DO NOT Change: Would, Could, Might, Should, Ought to.
a) Direct: He said, "I should face the challenge.”
b) Indirect: He said that he should face the challenge.
Tip 5: Conversion of Interrogative
Reporting Verb like ‘said/ said to’ changes to asked, enquired or demanded
a) Direct: He said to me, “What are you doing?”
b) Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.
If sentence begins with auxiliary verb, the joining clause should be if or whether.
- Direct: He said, “Will you come for the meeting?”
- Indirect: He asked them whether they would come for the meeting.
If sentence begins with ‘wh’ questions then no conjunction is used as the "question-word" itself act as joining clause.
- Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the girl.
- Indirect: The girl enquired where I lived.
Tip 6: Command, Request, Exclamation, Wish
Commands and Requests
Indirect Speech is introduced by some verbs like ordered, requested, advised and suggested. Forbid(s)/ forbade is used for the negative sentences. The imperative mood is changed into the Infinitive.
- Direct: Rafique said to Ahmed, “Go away.”
- Indirect: Rafique ordered Ahmed to go away.
- Direct: He said to her, “Please wait.”
- Indirect: He requested her to wait.
Exclamations and Wishes
Indirect Speech is introduced by some words like grief, sorrow, happiness, applaud. Exclamatory sentence changes into assertive sentence and Interjections are removed.
- Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone.”
- Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was broke.
Tip 7: Change of Pronouns
The first person of the reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.
- Direct: She said, “I am in ninth class.”
- Indirect: She says that she was in ninth class.
The second person of reported speech changes according to the object of reporting speech.
- Direct: He says to them, "You have completed your job.”
- Indirect: He tells them that they have completed their job.
Tip 8: Change of Place and Time
Words expressing nearness in time or place in Direct Speech are generally changed into words expressing distance in Indirect Speech.
Now - then
Here - there
Ago - before
Thus - so
Today - that day
Tomorrow --the next day
This -that
Yesterday - the day before
These -those
Hither- thither
Come - go
Hence - thence
Next week/month -- following week/month