Question

About Mesopotamian civilizations
please give long deaitails

Answer 1

Mesopotamia” is a Greek word meaning, “Land between the Rivers”. The region is a vast, dry plain through which two great rivers, the Euphrates and Tigris, flow. These rivers rise in mountain ranges to the north before flowing through Mesopotamia to the sea. As they approach the sea, the land becomes marshy, with lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks. Today, the rivers unite before they empty into the Persian Gulf, but in ancient times the sea came much further inland, and they flowed into it as two separate streams.
The land has too little rainfall to grow many crops on. As a result, much of it has been – and is still – home to herders of sheep and goat. These nomads move from the river pastures in the summer to the desert fringes in the winter, which get some rain at this time of year. At various times they have had a large impact on Mesopotamian history.

Near the rivers themselves, the soil is extremely fertile. It is made up of rich mud brought down by the rivers from the mountains, and deposited over a wide area during the spring floods. When watered by means of irrigation channels, it makes some of the best farmland in the world.

The marshy land near the sea also makes very productive farmland, once it had been drained. Here, the diet is enriched by the plentiful supply of fish to had from the lagoons and ponds.

It is this geography which gave rise to the earliest civilization in world history.  Agriculture is only possible in the dry climate of Mesopotamia by means of irrigation. With irrigation, however, farming is very productive indeed. A dense population grew up here along the Tigris and Euphrates and their branches in the centuries after 5000 BC. By 3500 BC, cities had appeared. The surplus food grown in this fertile landscape enabled the farming societies to feed a class of people who did not need to devote their lives to agriculture. These were the craftsmen, priests, scribes, administrators, rulers and soldiers who made civilization possible.

Language and Writing of Ancient Mesopotamia

At the time when civilization first arose in Mesopotamia, the population was divided into two distinct groups: those who spoke Sumerian (a language unrelated to any modern language), and those who spoke Semitic dialects (related to modern Arabic and Hebrew). It was the Sumerian-speakers who lived near the great rivers, and it was they who built the first cities. Their language therefore became the first to be written down in world history.

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Answer 2

‘Mesopotamia’ means the land between the rivers. Mesopotamian civilization is considered to be the first civilization known to the history of mankind originated in the Fertile Crescent bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau nourished by two rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates. The presence of the two rivers made the land fertile making it possible for the civilization to thrive. Mesopotamian Civilization became the base for many aspects of Western Civilization.

The geography of Mesopotamia that included flat and marshy land can be traced to parts of modern day Syria, almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey. As per the geography, Mesopotamian Civilization could be roughly divided into two zones: the mostly flat Upper Mesopotamia and the highly fertile plain of Lower Mesopotamia
The Fertile Crescent: Cradle of Civilization

The population of the previously hunters and gatherers grew in Mesopotamia with development of better tools. These clans began developing small village like settlements. Increased dependence on the food that they produced set the base for a more developed technology of farming and irrigation. Along with more permanent houses, Mesopotamian Cities discovered methods of storing food grains which could be used over an extended period of time. Animals were domesticated which in turned gave additional support in their farming. Mesopotamians developed pottery, stone tools and started spinning thread from wool and flax. Wool was the most common fabric used in Mesopotamian Clothing. Looms for weaving fabric can be traced to as early as 3000 BCE. Along with carved stone jewelry, copper were also used for the same.

The vast expanse of the region was constantly disturbed by devastating flood and thunderstorm making it vulnerable to suffering and starvation. This constant fear and helplessness gave rise to the belief in God to save them from such perils. Temples were dedicated to many gods and goddesses. During this phase, priests were at the top of the society. Religion in Mesopotamia was the center of their lives. However, governors also the war leaders ruled ther city with an assembly of adults. With the passage of time, these governors assumed more power giving rise to monarchy in turn establishing dynasties so that monarch could pass on their power down to their sons and grandsons.

Mesopotamian Civilization: Rise of the First Civilization

With the advent of farming, irrigation became an important issue to be addressed. On the other hand creation of embankments was required to keep the flood away from Euphrates. Canals and ditches were dug to drain out marshes. Abundant crops were produced and the surplus was used to feed to city workers such as the artist, merchants and craftsmen among others. This organization gave rise to a complex Mesopotamian society supported by economic activities. Groups of people stayed together and spoke a common language. With society, emerged leaders and social classes.

The urbanization of this region went through several changes:

9000 BCE: Hilltop cities evolved. Example: Jericho

7000 BCE: Settlement began in the Zagros Mountain. A network of small cities developed in the fertile crescent

6000 BCE: The network of villages and small cities expanded towards the South along the Euphrates

5000 BCE: Mesopotamia became a large network of villages and cities.

Religion for Mesopotamians however was the central focus in the city life and each city had its own gods and goddesses. Hence, temple became an important architectural element which was built to honor the divinity. With the scale of the city, grew the size of the temple in its functions and wealth.